Systems and methods are provided that facilitate high-sensitivity, carrier-resolved photo-Hall effect measurements. Majority and minority carrier properties can be measured and determined simultaneously. In one aspect, a system and method determine majority carrier type, density and mobility and, with modulated illumination, minority carrier mobility and photocarrier density. In another aspect, a system and method can determine hole and electron mobility, photocarrier density, absorbed photon density, recombination lifetime and diffusion length for hole, electron and ambipolar transport.

An object of the present invention is to reduce the size and cost of a magnetic sensor suitable for closed loop control. A magnetic sensor includes a magnetoresistive effect element MR1 electrically connected between terminals 41 and 42 and extending in the x-direction and a magnetic member 31 electrically connected between terminal and 44 and extending in the x-direction along the magnetoresistive effect element MR1. The magnetoresistive effect element MR1 is disposed offset with respect to the center position of the magnetic member 31 in the y-direction. According to the present invention, magnetic flux to be detected is collected by the magnetic member 31, and current is made to flow in the magnetic member 31 in accordance with the resistance value of the magnetoresistive effect element MR1, whereby closed loop control can be achieved. That is, the magnetic member 31 has both a magnetism collection function and a function as a cancel coil, thereby reducing the number of elements required, which achieves reduction in size and cost.

According to one embodiment, a measurement apparatus includes a magnetic field generation section that applies a predetermined magnetic field to a device under test. A current source supplies a current of a rectangular wave to the device under test in a direction of crossing the magnetic field. A voltage measurement section measures a voltage difference generated in the device under test. A restoration section demodulates the voltage difference using a demodulated signal having the same frequency as a frequency of the rectangular wave and synchronized with the rectangular wave, removes harmonic components from the demodulated voltage difference, and restores an electromotive voltage generated in the device under test. A computing section measures the device under test using low frequency components of the electromotive voltage.

An online automatic measurement system for a claw-pole overall magnetic property comprising: a feeding part, a claw-pole overall magnetic property measurement unit, and a discharging part disposed in sequence, and a robotic arm disposed there among. The robotic arm receives an operation instruction output by a control unit to grab claw poles to be measured in sequence and removes measured claw poles on the claw-pole overall magnetic property measurement unit. The claw-pole overall magnetic property measurement unit outputs a control power supply to the claw-pole overall magnetic property measurement unit according to the instruction of the control unit, receives an induction current of the measured claw poles, and output a measurement result to the control unit.

A control device configured to communicate with a first projector which projects a first image in a first projection area, and a second projector which projects a second image in a second projection area having a first overlap area overlapping the first projection area to make the first projector and the second projector perform an edge blending process includes a reception section for receiving input of designation information including a direction in which an overlap width, a generation section for generating first overlap information including information representing first side in the first overlap area and information representing the overlap width of the first overlap area, and second overlap information including information representing second side in the first overlap area and the information, and a transmission section for transmitting the first overlap information to the first projector, and the second overlap information to the second projector.

A method for determining a two-dimensional spectrum of a specified carrier having a specified mobility and density in a material of an electronic device, the method including performing a magnetic field-dependent Hall measurement on the material of the electronic device; determining, using the magnetic field-dependent Hall measurement, a probability density function of a conductance of the material of the electronic device, wherein the probability density function describes a spectrum of a plurality of m-carriers, wherein the plurality of m-carriers includes the specified carrier having the specified mobility and density; and determining an electrical transport of a plurality of electrons and holes inside the material of the electronic device by observing a variation of the probability density function with any of the specified mobility and density of the specified carrier.

A magnetoresistance effect element includes a first ferromagnetic layer, a second ferromagnetic layer, and a non-magnetic layer positioned between the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer, and at least one of the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer is a Heusler alloy represented by the following General Formula (1):

Co.sub.2Fe.sub.X.sub.(1)

(in Formula (1), X represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Cr, Si, Al, Ga and Ge, and and represent numbers that satisfy 2.3+, <, and 0.5<1.9).

A measurement apparatus includes an Epstein frame, an alternating power supply, a power analyzer, and an oscilloscope. Electromagnetic coupling modeling on an Epstein frame is performed based on a vector model of a magnetic circuit, where an iron core of the Epstein frame is formed by laminating a silicon steel sheet to be measured, and an excitation coil and a detection coil with the same turns number are wound around the iron core. The measurement process is to first obtain a reference B-H curve that only considers a nonlinear reluctance of the iron core, and then to derive a B-H curve considering an eddy current effect in a magnetic field at any frequency from the reference B-H curve. The method, applicable to a measurement for B-H curves at middle and high frequencies, may obtain much higher accuracy.

Systems and methods include determining energy usage of a residence from a current that flows through a first main conductor and a second main conductor that transport the current into the residence. Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to sensors (130a-b) that monitor magnetic fields (150a-b) generated by the first and second main conductors (120a-b). After a resistive load (210a-b) is added for an electrical path in the residence, the first and second magnetic fields (150a-b) may be converted to generate first and second calibrating currents. A first prototype current is corrected to eliminate the influence of the second magnetic field (150b) onto the first magnetic field (150a) and a second prototype current is corrected to eliminate the influence of the first magnetic field (150a) onto the second magnetic field (150b). The energy usage of the residence is determined from the corrected currents.

A method and device for determining values of a magnetic field component of a magnetic vector field. A method for determining values of a magnetic field component of a magnetic vector field, comprising: determining first distribution data comprising values of the magnetic field component, for a first predetermined area defined along a predetermined surface; determining second distribution data comprising second values of the component of the magnetic field for a second predetermined area defined along a second predetermined surface, wherein the first and the second predetermined surfaces are parallel;
wherein determining second distribution data comprises manipulation of the first distribution data based on making use of intrinsic physical properties of the magnetic field; and associated device.