A closed cycle cryocooler is thermally connected to an elongated, cup-shaped sample well and cools down the sample well. Gaseous helium at a relatively low pressure is introduced into the sample well so that, as the sample well is cooled by the cryocooler, the gas in the sample well is also cooled. A sample is attached to a sample stick assembly which is then lowered into the sample well where the sample is cooled by the cooled gas to carryout experiments at low temperature. The sample stick assembly is mechanically attached to the spectrometer magnets and a flexible rubber bellows connects the sample stick assembly to the sample well so that vibration generated by the cryocooler is not transferred to the sample.

A ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement system is disclosed with a waveguide transmission line (WGTL) connected at both ends to a mounting plate having an opening through which the WGTL is suspended. While the WGTL bottom surface contacts a portion of magnetic film on a whole wafer, a plurality of microwave frequencies is sequentially transmitted through the WGTL. Simultaneously, a magnetic field is applied to the contacted region thereby causing a FMR condition in the magnetic film. After RF output is transmitted through or reflected from the WGTL to a RF detector and converted to a voltage signal, effective anisotropy field, linewidth, damping coefficient, and/or inhomogeneous broadening are determined based on magnetic field intensity, microwave frequency and voltage output. A plurality of measurements is performed by controllably moving the WGTL or wafer and repeating the simultaneous application of microwave frequencies and magnetic field at additional preprogrammed locations on the magnetic film.

A ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement system is disclosed with a waveguide transmission line (WGTL) connected at both ends to a mounting plate having an opening through which the WGTL is suspended. While the WGTL bottom surface contacts a portion of magnetic film on a whole wafer, a plurality of microwave frequencies is sequentially transmitted through the WGTL. Simultaneously, a magnetic field is applied to the contacted region thereby causing a FMR condition in the magnetic film. After RF output is transmitted through or reflected from the WGTL to a RF detector and converted to a voltage signal, effective anisotropy field, linewidth, damping coefficient, and/or inhomogeneous broadening are determined based on magnetic field intensity, microwave frequency and voltage output. A plurality of measurements is performed by controllably moving the WGTL or wafer and repeating the simultaneous application of microwave frequencies and magnetic field at additional preprogrammed locations on the magnetic film.

Microwave resonator readout of the cavity-spin interaction between a spin defect center ensemble and a microwave resonator yields fidelities that are orders of magnitude higher than is possible with optical readouts. In microwave resonator readout, microwave photons probe a microwave resonator coupled to a spin defect center ensemble subjected to a physical parameter to be measured. The physical parameter shifts the spin defect centers' resonances, which in turn change the dispersion and/or absorption of the microwave resonator. The microwave photons probe these dispersion and/or absorption changes, yielding a measurement with higher visibility, lower shot noise, better sensitivity, and higher signal-to-noise ratio than a comparable fluorescence measurement. In addition, microwave resonator readout enables coherent averaging of spin defect center ensembles and is compatible with spin systems other than nitrogen vacancies in diamond.

In a method and apparatus for generating a magnetic resonance data record, at least two excitation cycles are executed, wherein, in each excitation cycle, at least one magnetic resonance signal is recorded, using different phases with a first radio-frequency pulse in two consecutive excitation cycles, with at least one dephasing gradient being applied in an excitation cycle.

A microwave resonator for an electron paramagnetic resonance probehead comprises a cavity body supporting an electromagnetic microwave resonance mode, at least one sample opening for inserting a sample in a sample container, at least one microwave opening for transmitting microwave radiation into the resonator, and at least one access opening for inserting and removing a modifier in a modifier vessel into or out of the cavity body. The modifier vessel is fixed in the at least one access opening, the modifier is a fluid comprising attenuator fluid and/or marker fluid and/or adaptor fluid, and the modifier vessel has an insert opening for filling and discharging the modifier gradually into or out of the cavity body. This improves performance greatly, enabling a gradual modification of specific experimental conditions without moving any mechanical parts in the cavity body, and without changing other experimental conditions for Q- and/or M- and/or D-variation.

A microwave resonator for an electron paramagnetic resonance probehead comprises a cavity body supporting an electromagnetic microwave resonance mode, at least one sample opening for inserting a sample in a sample container, at least one microwave opening for transmitting microwave radiation into the resonator, and at least one access opening for inserting and removing a modifier in a modifier vessel into or out of the cavity body. The modifier vessel is fixed in the at least one access opening, the modifier is a fluid comprising attenuator fluid and/or marker fluid and/or adaptor fluid, and the modifier vessel has an insert opening for filling and discharging the modifier gradually into or out of the cavity body. This improves performance greatly, enabling a gradual modification of specific experimental conditions without moving any mechanical parts in the cavity body, and without changing other experimental conditions for Q- and/or M- and/or D-variation.

A 3D microwave sensor includes a cloud of particles, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms. A laser system produces: a first probe beam directed through the particle cloud along a first path; a second probe beam directed through the particle cloud along a second path that intersects the first path to define a Rydberg intersection; a first coupling beam that counterpropagates with respect to the first probe beam along the first path; and a second coupling beam that counterpropagates with respect to the second probe beam along the second path. A spectrum analyzer characterizes the microwave field strength at the Rydberg intersection. The laser beams can be steered to move the Rydberg intersection within the particle cloud to compile a microwave field strength distribution in the particle cloud.

A 3D microwave sensor includes a cloud of particles, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms. A laser system produces: a first probe beam directed through the particle cloud along a first path; a second probe beam directed through the particle cloud along a second path that intersects the first path to define a Rydberg intersection; a first coupling beam that counterpropagates with respect to the first probe beam along the first path; and a second coupling beam that counterpropagates with respect to the second probe beam along the second path. A spectrum analyzer characterizes the microwave field strength at the Rydberg intersection. The laser beams can be steered to move the Rydberg intersection within the particle cloud to compile a microwave field strength distribution in the particle cloud.

The disclosure concerns a magnetometer for detecting a magnetic field, comprising: a solid state electronic spin system containing a plurality of electronic spins and a solid carrier, wherein the electronic spins are configured to be capable of aligning with an external magnetic field in response to an alignment stimulus; and a detector configured to detect an alignment response of the electronic spins, such that the external magnetic field can be detected; wherein the electronic spins are provided as one or more groups, each group containing a plurality of spins, the plurality of spins in each of the one or more groups being arranged in a line that is angled at an angle Θ with respect to the local direction of the external magnetic field at the said group. Also disclosed is a method for detecting a magnetic field.