Compositions, devices, and methods for determining ionizing radiation are generally described.

A system for measuring a particle beam includes a central and peripheral part and a front and back panel. The central part includes a system for producing a space charge zone to be passed through by a beam to be measured, charge carriers of a first and second type being generated by the beam when the latter passes through the space charge zone. The peripheral part includes a system for collecting at least one type of charge carrier from among the first or second type. The peripheral part surrounds the central part such that a particle beam can pass through the central part without passing through the peripheral part, an orifice being provided in back panel, in a region of the central part such that the thickness of the region, along a normal axis to the front panel is less than that of the peripheral part along the normal axis.

A system for measuring a particle beam includes a central and peripheral part and a front and back panel. The central part includes a system for producing a space charge zone to be passed through by a beam to be measured, charge carriers of a first and second type being generated by the beam when the latter passes through the space charge zone. The peripheral part includes a system for collecting at least one type of charge carrier from among the first or second type. The peripheral part surrounds the central part such that a particle beam can pass through the central part without passing through the peripheral part, an orifice being provided in back panel, in a region of the central part such that the thickness of the region, along a normal axis to the front panel is less than that of the peripheral part along the normal axis.

According to an embodiment, a radiation detector includes a plurality of absorbers, a resistor, and a heat bath member. The absorbers absorb radiation. The resistor undergoes a change in resistance according to a change in temperature of the absorbers. The heat bath member is maintained at a temperature at which resistance of the resistor becomes equal to a specific resistance value, and is positioned to be in thermal contact with the resistor. The absorbers are positioned to be in contact with the resistor, and are arranged at a distance from each other.

According to an embodiment, a radiation detector includes a plurality of absorbers, a resistor, and a heat bath member. The absorbers absorb radiation. The resistor undergoes a change in resistance according to a change in temperature of the absorbers. The heat bath member is maintained at a temperature at which resistance of the resistor becomes equal to a specific resistance value, and is positioned to be in thermal contact with the resistor. The absorbers are positioned to be in contact with the resistor, and are arranged at a distance from each other.

Compositions, devices, and methods for determining ionizing radiation are generally described.

A system for measuring a particle beam includes a central and peripheral part and a front and back panel. The central part includes a system for producing a space charge zone to be passed through by a beam to be measured, charge carriers of a first and second type being generated by the beam when the latter passes through the space charge zone. The peripheral part includes a system for collecting at least one type of charge carrier from among the first or second type. The peripheral part surrounds the central part such that a particle beam can pass through the central part without passing through the peripheral part, an orifice being provided in back panel, in a region of the central part such that the thickness of the region, along a normal axis to the front panel is less than that of the peripheral part along the normal axis.

Methods of detecting high atomic weight materials in a volume such as a truck or cargo container are disclosed. The volume is scanned with an X-ray imaging system and a muon detection system. Using the output data of the muon detection system, the exit momentum and incoming and outgoing tracks of each muon are reconstructed. A muon scattering statistical model is calculated using the muon exit momentum and the incoming and outgoing tracks of the muon. A most likely scattering density map is determined according to the muon-scattering statistical model and an X-ray statistical model. A visual representation of the most likely scattering density map is displayed.

Methods of detecting high atomic weight materials in a volume such as a truck or cargo container are disclosed. The volume is scanned with an X-ray imaging system and a muon detection system. Using the output data of the muon detection system, the exit momentum and incoming and outgoing tracks of each muon are reconstructed. A muon scattering statistical model is calculated using the muon exit momentum and the incoming and outgoing tracks of the muon. A most likely scattering density map is determined according to the muon-scattering statistical model and an X-ray statistical model. A visual representation of the most likely scattering density map is displayed.

A radiation detector includes a housing configured to contain a volume of water, the housing including an interior surface adjacent a first portion of the water having a first net charge. The radiation detector also includes a first electrode coupled to the housing within the first portion of the water, and a second electrode coupled to the housing within a second portion of the water adjacent the first portion of the water. The radiation detector further includes a current detector connected in series between the first electrode and the second electrode, the current detector configured to detect a current associated with an ionized radiation product that enters the housing.