Methods and apparatus for determining an intensity profile of a radiation beam. The method comprises providing a diffraction structure, causing relative movement of the diffraction structure relative to the radiation beam from a first position wherein the radiation beam does not irradiate the diffraction structure to a second position wherein the radiation beam irradiates the diffraction structure, measuring, with a radiation detector, diffracted radiation signals produced from diffraction of the radiation beam by the diffraction structure as the diffraction structure transitions from the first position to the second position or vice versa, and determining the intensity profile of the radiation beam based on the measured diffracted radiation signals.

Beam monitors, methods of use and fabrication are provided herein. Beam monitors can include a rounded beam cavity with one or more waveguide connected thereto, from which a signal can be used to determine one or more beam characteristics. Such monitors can include a beam intensity monitor that includes a cylindrical beam cavity with a rectangular waveguide extending from a periphery, from which beam intensity can be determined. An advanced beam monitor can include a multi-moded beam cavity having multiple waveguides connected at distinct locations, each corresponding to a differing excitation mode. Such monitor can include an elliptical beam cavity and five waveguides connected thereto, signals from which can be used to determine beam charge, beam position and beam size in both the x-direction and y-directions. Beam monitors can be stand-alone devices or integrated within linear accelerators. Accelerators can include off-axis beam monitor coupling ports and on-axis tuning features.

Disclosed is an apparatus for measuring the distribution of radiation dose emitted from a brachytherapy insertion tool, the apparatus including a housing having defined therein a measurement space in which the brachytherapy insertion tool is located, a fluorescent member disposed at the housing, the fluorescent member being configured to react with radiation emitted to the measurement space and to emit light, a camera disposed in the housing, and a cover coupled to one surface of the housing, the cover being configured to cover the fluorescent member. The portion of the fluorescent member to which radiation from a radiation source of the brachytherapy insertion tool is applied reacts with the radiation and generates light, brightness of the light varies depending on distribution of the radiation, and the position at which the light is bright is calculated to measure the direction in which the brachytherapy insertion tool has no shielding.

Disclosed herein are an imaging assembly and a method of controlling the imaging assembly. The assembly includes a housing having a sensor configured to detect radiation impinging on the sensor from a plurality of directions. The assembly may employ one or more shields, including a first internal shield having a first annular body between a first inner surface and a first outer surface. The first internal shield is configured to be placed in the housing such that the first inner surface at least partially surrounds the sensor. When the first internal shield is placed in the housing, the sensor is configured to receive a first central zone radiation through a first field of view, and a first peripheral zone radiation through a first peripheral view. The assembly is configured to provide at least one of a controllable field of view and reduced background contamination in an image domain.

A function/process of recording marker position data and spot data is provided. The marker position data includes position information of a marker 29 measured for tumor tracking irradiation and information on time of execution of X-ray imaging. The spot data includes information on time of irradiation of each spot, a delivered irradiation position, and a delivered irradiation amount. The marker position data and the spot data are synchronized based on the time information, and by using the marker position data and the spot data upon spot irradiation, a delivered dose distribution of proton irradiation is calculated. With this configuration, it is possible to take the influence of interplay effect into consideration, and it is possible to support to make more appropriate determination upon replanning of a treatment plan.

A Fast Faraday cup includes a group of electrodes including a ground electrode having a through hole and a collector electrode configured with a blind hole that functions a collector hole. The electrodes are configured to allow a beam (e.g., a non-relativistic beam) to fall onto the ground electrode so that the through hole cuts a beamlet that flies into the collector hole and facilitates measurement of the longitudinal distribution of particle charge density in the beam. The diameters, depths, spacing and alignment of the collector hole and the through hole are controllable to enable the Fast Faraday day cup to operate with a fast response time (e.g., fine time resolution) and capture secondary particles.

Apparatus for measuring radiation beam energy output from a radiation beam source, comprising a first beam energy sensor at a first distance from the radiation beam source along the radiation beam axis; a second beam energy sensor located at a second distance from the radiation beam source along the radiation beam axis; and an energy absorbing layer, for example a layer that removes a part of the low energy content of the beam or a layer that absorbs at least 1% of the beam energy, located between the first and second sensors, and positioned such that radiation passing through the first sensor also passes through the energy absorbing layer before entering the second sensor.

A setting method for setting at least a part of a region in which a structure of a specimen exists as a target region, for an evaluation of an internal structure of the specimen includes setting an arbitrary position from the region in which the structure of the specimen exists, and setting the target region based on the set position.

A Compton camera system and method for detecting gamma radiation, comprising a gamma radiation source, at least one fast scintillator plate P1 of which the rise time to peak light is less than 1 ns, having a thickness greater than or equal to 5 mm, equipped with an array of segmented photodetectors (5) and a dedicated fast-reading microelectronic means. The system is characterised in that it is capable of measuring the spatial and temporal coordinates (X, Y, Z, T) and energy E at at least two successive positions of a gamma photon when said photon undergoes Compton scattering at a first point A before being absorbed at a second point B, by recognising circles of non-scattered photons corresponding to each scintillation interaction. The system has a module for estimating a valid Compton event. The detection system has two scintillator plates P1 and P2.

Disclosed herein is an image sensor with two radiation detectors, each having a planar surface for receiving radiation; and a calibration pattern. The planar surfaces of the radiation detectors are not coplanar. The image sensor can capture images of two portions of the calibration pattern, respectively using the radiation detectors. The image sensor can determine two transformations for the radiation detectors based on the images of the portions of the calibration pattern, respectively. The image sensor can capture images of two portions of a scene, respectively using the radiation detectors, determine projections of the images of the portions of the scene onto an image plane using the transformations, respectively, and form an image of the scene by stitching the projections.