Technologies for silicon diffraction gratings are disclosed. In some embodiments, grating lines of the diffraction gratings may have several sub-lines that make up each grating line of the diffraction grating. The sub-lines may be sub-wavelength features. In some embodiments, several silicon diffraction gratings may be made from a wafer, such as a wafer with a diameter of 300 millimeters. The wafer may be etched precisely across the entire wafer, leading to a high yield of the diffraction gratings.

An optical lens device includes an optical substrate layer, an etched miniature-structure polarization layer and an etched miniature surface structure. The optical substrate layer is provided with a first surface and a second surface and a ray of light passes through the optical substrate layer. The etched miniature-structure polarization layer is provided on the first surface or the second surface of the optical substrate layer. The etched miniature surface structure is etched to form the miniature-structure etched polarization layer and provides a characteristic of optical polarization in the etched miniature-structure polarization layer. The etched miniature surface structure of the etched miniature-structure polarization layer provides an effect of optical polarization to the ray of light while passing through it.

A diffractive optical element comprises a substrate, a first resin layer arranged on the substrate and a second resin layer arranged on the first resin layer. Each of the first resin layer and the second resin layer includes a grating section, or a layer portion, for forming a diffraction grating and a base section, or another layer portion, held in contact with the grating section. Either the first resin layer or the second resin layer has a lower transmittance portion in the base section thereof that shows an internal transmittance relative to a wavelength of 400 nm which is lower than that of the grating section of the resin layer by not less than 2% and not more than 6%.

A biosensor is provided. The biosensor includes a plurality of sensor units. Each of the sensor units includes one or more photodiodes, a first aperture feature disposed above the photodiodes, an interlayer disposed on the first aperture feature, a second aperture feature disposed on the interlayer, and a waveguide disposed above the second aperture feature. The second aperture feature includes an upper grating element and the first aperture feature includes one or more lower grating elements, and a grating period of the upper grating element is less than or equal to a grating period of the one or more lower grating elements. A difference of the absolute values between a first polarizing angle of the upper and lower grating elements in one of the sensor units and a second polarizing angle of the upper and lower grating elements in adjacent one of the sensor units is 90°.

An optical device includes a concave-convex structure layer having a concavo-convex structure on a surface thereof, the concavo-convex structure formed of a plurality of convexities or a plurality of concavities which are arranged with a sub-wavelength period, a high refractive index layer made of a material having a refractive index higher than that of the concavo-convex structure layer and located on the concavo-convex structure while having a surface conforming to the concavo-convex structure, and a low refractive index layer made of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the high refractive index layer and located on the high refractive index layer. The high refractive layer includes first grating high refractive index portions located at a bottom of the concavo-convex structure to form a first sub-wavelength grating, and second grating high refractive index portions located at a top of the concavo-convex structure to form a second sub-wavelength grating.

The invention concerns a method of manufacturing a modulated optically diffractive grating and a corresponding grating. The method comprises providing a substrate and manufacturing a plurality of temporary elements onto the substrate, the temporary elements being arranged in a periodic pattern comprising at least two periods having different element characteristics. Next, a first deposition layer is deposited so as to at least partially cover the temporary elements with the first deposition layer and the temporary elements are removed from the substrate in order to form onto the substrate a modulated diffractive grating of first grating elements made of the first deposition layer, the pattern comprising within each period a plurality of first grating elements and one more gaps between the first grating elements. The invention allows for producing high-quality gratings with locally varying diffraction efficiency.

A subwavelength grating displaying a colored image exhibiting a color corresponding to a grating period of a subwavelength grating in reflection directions including a specular reflection direction. A relief surface displaying a reflection image in monochromatic reflected light in reflection directions including a direction different from the specular reflection direction. An optical element has a first state in which neither a colored image nor a reflection image is displayed, a second state in which the colored image is mainly displayed, and a third state in which the reflection image is mainly displayed. A plane in which the optical element is disposed and a plane including a line of sight of an observer form an observation angle therebetween. The optical element is observed in any of the first, second and third states according to the observation angle.

A nano-structured optical wavelength transmission filter is provided. The optical filter includes a patterned substrate on which a high refractive index dielectric waveguide is arranged. A low index dielectric layer is arranged on the high refractive index dielectric waveguide, on which an array of metallic nanostructures is arranged. The layers of the optical filter have conformal shapes defined by a patterned surface of the substrate. An optical filter system includes the optical transmission filter and a detector array fixed to the substrate. A spectrometer includes at least one optical transmission filter and/or at least one said optical transmission filter system, and has a spectral resolution of lower than 30 nm for incident light having a wavelength between 300 nm and 790 nm. A method of fabrication of an optical filter, an optical filter system and a spectrometer is also described.

A diffractive optical element exerts a diffractive action on a display light that is emitted from a display unit. A folding mirror is provided on the opposite side of the diffractive optical element from the display unit to reflect the display light. The diffractive optical element includes a transmissive action part and a diffractive and reflective action part. The transmissive action part exerts a transmissive action to transmit therethrough the display light, which is incident from the display unit and is in a first polarization state, toward the folding mirror. The diffractive and reflective action part exerts a diffractive and reflective action to diffract and reflect the display light, which is reflected by the folding mirror and is in a second polarization state opposite to the first polarization state, toward the projection portion on an optical path.

The present disclosure discloses a near-eye display apparatus including: a first display screen and a second display screen; and a first collimating lens, a second collimating lens, a first polarization converter which converts emitted light of the first display screen into first circularly polarized light, a second polarization converter which converts emitted light of the second display screen into second circularly polarized light, a waveguide plate configured to conduct the first circularly polarized light and the second circularly polarized light, and a super lens which is located in a light emitting region of the waveguide plate.