The invention is notably directed to a transflective display device. The device comprises a set of pixels, wherein each of the pixels comprises a portion of bi-stable, phase change material, hereafter a PCM portion, having at least two reversibly switchable states, in which it has two different values of refractive index and/or optical absorption. The device further comprises one or more spacers, optically transmissive, and extending under PCM portions of the set of pixels. One or more reflectors extend under the one or more spacers. An energization structure is in thermal or electrical communication with the PCM portions, via the one or more spacers. Moreover, a display controller is configured to selectively energize, via the energization structure, PCM portions of the pixels, so as to reversibly switch a state of a PCM portion of any of the pixels from one of its reversibly switchable states to the other. A backlight unit is furthermore configured, in the device, to allow illumination of the PCM portions through the one or more spacers. The backlight unit is controlled by a backlight unit controller, which is configured for modulating one or more physical properties of light emitted from the backlight unit. The invention is further directed to related devices and methods of operation.

The present disclosure illustrates a display panel manufacturing method including steps: disposing an alignment mark on a display panel; using an invisible-light identifier device to identify the alignment mark; and, processing the display panel according to the identified alignment mark. The invisible-light identifier device is configured to identify invisible light having wavelength longer than visible light.

The present invention provides a display panel and a display device. The display panel includes an array substrate, a color film substrate disposed on the array substrate, and a photochromic glass layer disposed on the color film substrate. A color change region is formed when an ultraviolet laser irradiates the photochromic glass layer, and the color change region filters passing lights. The display panel further includes a plurality of scattered particles distributed on the photochromic glass layer.

Examples include a device including a nanovoided polymer element having a first surface and a second surface, a first plurality of electrodes disposed on the first surface, a second plurality of electrodes disposed on the second surface, and a control circuit configured to apply an electrical potential between one or more of the first plurality of electrodes and one or more of the second plurality of electrodes to induce a physical deformation of the nanovoided polymer element.

Optical read-out of a cryogenic device (such as a superconducting logic or detector element) can be performed with a forward-biased optical modulator that is directly coupled to the cryogenic device without any intervening electrical amplifier. Forward-biasing at cryogenic temperatures enables very high modulation efficiency (1,000-10,000 pm/V) of the optical modulator, and allows for optical modulation with millivolt driving signals and microwatt power dissipation in the cryogenic environment. Modulated optical signals can be coupled out of the cryostat via an optical fiber, reducing the thermal load on the cryostat. Using optical fiber instead of electrical wires can increase the communication bandwidth between the cryogenic environment and room-temperature environment to bandwidth densities as high as Tbps/mm.sup.2 using wavelength division multiplexing. Sensitive optical signals having higher robustness to noise and crosstalk, because of their immunity to electromagnetic interference, can be carried by the optical fiber.

Embodiments of metasurfaces having nanostructures with desired geometric profiles and configurations are provided in the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a metasurface includes a nanostructure formed on a substrate, wherein the nanostructure is cuboidal or cylindrical in shape. In another embodiment, a metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures on a substrate, wherein each of the nanostructures has a gap greater than 35 nm spaced apart from each other. In yet another embodiment, a metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures on a substrate, wherein the nanostructures are fabricated from at least one of TiO.sub.2, silicon nitride, or amorphous silicon, or GaN or aluminum zinc oxide or any material with refractive index greater than 1.8, and absorption coefficient smaller than 0.001, the substrate is transparent with absorption coefficient smaller than 0.001.

An apparatus for intraoral imaging has an illumination source that directs light to an object. An imaging apparatus forms an image at an image sensor array from reflected light from the object, the imaging apparatus having an optical stop along an optical axis. A phase modulator is disposed at or near the optical stop. An image processor conditions data from the image sensor array and provides processed image data of the object.

Aspects of the present disclosure include methods and systems for modulating light sources including applying, through an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) disposed in series with an electro-optic modulator (EOM), a global optical beam to a plurality of dual-space, single-species (DSSS) trapped ions at a wavelength near a transition center and adjusting a drive tone of at least one of the EOM or the AOM to modulate the global beam to emit at approximately half of a S1/2 hyperfine frequency.

Embodiments of metasurfaces having nanostructures with desired geometric profiles and configurations are provided in the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a metasurface includes a nanostructure formed on a substrate, wherein the nanostructure is cuboidal or cylindrical in shape. In another embodiment, a metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures on a substrate, wherein each of the nanostructures has a gap greater than 35 nm spaced apart from each other. In yet another embodiment, a metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures on a substrate, wherein the nanostructures are fabricated from at least one of TiO.sub.2, silicon nitride, or amorphous silicon, or GaN or aluminum zinc oxide or any material with refractive index greater than 1.8, and absorption coefficient smaller than 0.001, the substrate is transparent with absorption coefficient smaller than 0.001.

The present invention provides a polarization-independent terahertz wave control element, and provides a method for manufacturing a polarization-independent terahertz wave control element. The present invention provides a terahertz wave control element comprising: (A) a first flat plate having (A1) a first substrate, (A2) a first electrode formed on the first substrate, and (A3) a first liquid crystal alignment film formed on the first electrode; (B) a second flat plate having (B1) a second substrate, (B2) a second electrode formed on the second substrate, and (B3) a second liquid crystal alignment film formed on the second electrode; and (C) a liquid crystal present in a space formed by disposing (A) the first flat plate and (B) the second flat plate parallel to each other with a predetermined distance therebetween so that the first and second liquid crystal alignment films face each other, wherein (D1) the terahertz wave control element has a first portion in which the liquid crystal is aligned in a first direction parallel to (A) the first flat plate and (B) the second flat plate, and a second portion in which the liquid crystal is aligned in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction and parallel to (A) the first flat plate and (B) the second flat plate when no voltage is applied, (D2) the first portion has a first width, the second portion has a second width, the first and second portions are disposed adjacent to each other and alternately disposed in a predetermined cycle, (D3) when voltage is applied, the liquid crystal in each of the first portion and the second portion is aligned in a direction orthogonal to (A) the first substrate and (B) the second substrate, and (E) a phase change in which a terahertz wave transmitted through the terahertz wave control element is independent of the state of polarization.