An apparatus for testing an edge portion of a substrate, includes a first illumination source configured to irradiate light to an end portion of the edge portion of the substrate; a second illumination source configured to irradiate light to a lower portion of the edge portion; a third illumination source configured to irradiate light to an upper portion of the edge portion; and first to third photographing portions, respectively corresponding to the first to third illumination sources, wherein the first illumination source comprises a C-shaped cross-section and comprises a first curved surface facing the end portion of the edge portion, the second illumination source comprises a half C-shaped cross-section and comprises a second curved surface facing the lower portion of the edge portion, and the third illumination source comprises a half C-shaped cross-section and comprises a third curved surface facing the upper portion of the edge portion.

The present invention provides a compound having an excellent amount of change in HTP and an excellent HTP saturation rate during exposure, and a liquid crystal composition including the compound. The compound of the present invention is a compound represented by General Formula (A).

(Y).sub.n-G-(X).sub.m   (A)

G represents a group represented by General Formula (B-1) or a group represented by General Formula (B-2), * represents a bonding position, and X and Y represent a predetermined group.

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A liquid crystal antenna is provided. The liquid crystal antenna includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a plurality of transmission electrodes including a first transmission electrode and a second transmission electrode, a plurality of signal lines including a first signal line and a second signal line, a plurality of signal terminals including a first signal terminal and a second signal terminal, and a ground electrode. A transmission electrode is electrically connected to a signal terminal through at least one signal line. The first transmission electrode is connected to the first signal terminal through the first signal line, and the second transmission electrode is connected to the second signal terminal through the second signal line. A resistance of the first signal line is A, and a resistance of the second signal line is B, where A/B is less than 10.

The present invention describes a liquid crystal composite tunable device for fast polarisation-independent modulation of an incident light beam comprising: (a) two supporting and functional panels, at least one of them coated with a transparent conductive electrode layer and with optionally at least one additional layer selected from an alignment layer, antireflective coating layer, thermochromic or electrochromic layer, photoconductive or photosensitive layer, and (b) a composite structure sandwiched between said two panels and made of a liquid crystal and porous microparticles infiltrated with said liquid crystal. The porous microparticles have an average refractive index approximately equals to one of the liquid crystal principal refractive indices, matching that of the liquid crystal at one orientational state (for example, parallel n.sub.∥), and exhibiting large mismatch at another orientational state (for example, perpendicular n.sub.⊥). This refractive index mismatch between said microparticles and said liquid crystal is tuned by applying an external electric or magnetic field, thermally or optically.

A pseudo speckle pattern generation apparatus includes a light source, a beam expander, and a spatial light modulator. The spatial light modulator has an intensity modulation distribution based on a pseudo speckle pattern calculated from a pseudo random number pattern and a correlation function, receives light output from the light source and increased in beam diameter by the beam expander, spatially modulates the received light according to the modulation distribution, and outputs modulated light.

A manufacturing method of a display device includes: loading, on a stage, a panel assembly including: a display panel drivable to display an image, and first and second printed circuit boards attached to the display panel, end portions of the first and second printed circuit boards overlapping each other; providing a jet of air to the overlapping end portion of the second printed circuit board to raise the overlapping end portion away from and expose the end portion of the first printed circuit board; fixing the raised end portion away from the exposed end portion of the first printed circuit board; pre-processing the exposed end portion of the first printed circuit board; and aligning a distal end of the pre-processed end portion of the first printed circuit board and a distal end of the end portion of the second printed circuit board.

Provided is a liquid crystal display device that can switch between the privacy mode and the public mode and achieve a high contrast ratio even during display in the privacy mode. The liquid crystal display panel includes: a liquid crystal panel; and a control circuit. The active matrix substrate sequentially includes a first substrate, a first electrode, a first insulating layer, and second electrodes each including a first linear electrode. The color filter substrate includes a second substrate, a black matrix, a color filter layer, a third electrode, and a fourth electrode which is disposed between the black matrix and the third electrode and to which constant voltage is applied. The third electrode includes second linear electrodes and overlaps a portion of the black matrix in a plan view. The control circuit switches between application of driving voltage and application of constant voltage to the third electrode.

A display apparatus includes: a substrate having a display area and a peripheral area outside the display area; a first conductive layer on the substrate in the peripheral area and comprising a first hole; a second conductive layer on the first conductive layer and overlapping the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer comprising a second hole; a planarization layer extending from the display area to the peripheral area and comprising at least two organic insulating layers between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer; and a display element on the planarization layer in the display area, wherein a part of a portion of the second conductive layer except for the second hole is in contact with a part of a portion of the first conductive layer except for the first hole.

A method for influencing light propagation directions of a plurality of illuminated surfaces, comprising: arranging switchable absorbers on the light-exit side of the surfaces, such that light only exits through portions of the surfaces which are in front of the surfaces; switching on the absorbers for a first operating state so that a portion of the light emanating from the surfaces is absorbed, while the rest of the light exits at the surface portions of the light-exit side of the surface substrates at which no switchable absorbers are applied, resulting in light only being visible from a limited viewing angle which is defined by the shape of the switchable absorber, the shape of the surface, refractive index conditions in, and thickness of, the substrates of the surfaces; and switching off the absorbers for a second operating state so that light from the surfaces is visible from an unrestricted viewing angle.

The optical control apparatus includes a light source, a light collecting section, and an optical path control section. The light source emits light. The light collecting section collects the light emitted from the light source and illuminates the light onto an object.