Examples are disclosed relating to tunable attenuation of incident light using a switchable grating. One example provides an optical attenuator comprising a switchable grating configured to diffract light within a wavelength band at a diffraction angle. The optical attenuator further comprises an electrode pair configured to apply a voltage across the switchable grating to tune a proportion of incident light diffracted at the diffraction angle, and an optical dump to receive the proportion of incident light diffracted.

An optical switching element includes a driving substrate, a transparent substrate, a liquid crystal layer and a reflection enhancing film. The driving substrate includes a pixel region having a plurality of pixel electrodes, an outer peripheral region arranged outside the pixel region, and a sealing region. The transparent substrate includes a counter electrode. The liquid crystal layer is held between the driving substrate and the transparent substrate. The reflection enhancing film is arranged on a whole surface of the driving substrate. The reflection enhancing film is formed by stacking one or more of dielectric assemblies each of which includes a set of two stacked dielectric films with different refractive indexes. A dielectric film in a first layer of the reflection enhancing film is subject to planarization.

The present disclosure provides example wavelength selective switch (WSS), wavefront control element, and integrated liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS). One example WSS includes an input port fiber array, a demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group, an output port fiber array, and a beam deflection component group including two beam deflection components and at least one wavefront control element located between the demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group and the beam deflection component group or integrated with the LCoS. At least one beam deflection component is a LCoS. The input port fiber array receives multi-wavelength optical signals. The demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group demultiplexes and outputs the multi-wavelength optical signals. The beam deflection component group deflects the multi-wavelength optical signals to the demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group. The demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group multiplexes the multi-wavelength optical signals to the output port fiber array. The wavefront control element and the LCoS jointly modulate optical signals transmitted through N*M wavelength channels.

The present disclosure provides example wavelength selective switch (WSS), wavefront control element, and integrated liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS). One example WSS includes an input port fiber array, a demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group, an output port fiber array, and a beam deflection component group including two beam deflection components and at least one wavefront control element located between the demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group and the beam deflection component group or integrated with the LCoS. At least one beam deflection component is a LCoS. The input port fiber array receives multi-wavelength optical signals. The demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group demultiplexes and outputs the multi-wavelength optical signals. The beam deflection component group deflects the multi-wavelength optical signals to the demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group. The demultiplexing/multiplexing grating group multiplexes the multi-wavelength optical signals to the output port fiber array. The wavefront control element and the LCoS jointly modulate optical signals transmitted through N*M wavelength channels.

A multiplexed, synchronized active beam splitter or mirror and display providing a user or manufacturer with the ability to choose different modes of functionality of a transparent optical module.

A display device includes a display, an image beam shifter, and a light guiding component. The display generates an image beam. The image beam shifter receives the image beam and generates a projected image beam. The light guiding component receives the projected image beam to transport the projected image beam to different positions of a target zone in sequence. The image beam shifter projects the projected image beam to different positions of the light guiding component with time division.

A display device includes a display, an image beam shifter, and a light guiding component. The display generates an image beam. The image beam shifter receives the image beam and generates a projected image beam. The light guiding component receives the projected image beam to transport the projected image beam to different positions of a target zone in sequence. The image beam shifter projects the projected image beam to different positions of the light guiding component with time division.

A multiplexed, synchronized Active (micro) Lens(let) Array and display providing a user or manufacturer with the ability to choose different modes of functionality of a transparent optical module, such as three-dimensional virtual image generation, two-dimensional image generation, static MLA functionality, augmented, mixed, or enhanced reality, variations in brightness, and other modes.

A multiplexed, synchronized Active (micro) Lens(let) Array and display providing a user or manufacturer with the ability to choose different modes of functionality of a transparent optical module, such as three-dimensional virtual image generation, two-dimensional image generation, static MLA functionality, augmented, mixed, or enhanced reality, variations in brightness, and other modes.

A steerable laser transmitter pairs a MEMS MMA with an optical amplifier to provide a high-power steered laser beam over a wide FOR. A single MEMS MMA may be positioned downstream of the optical amplifier. In a two-stage architecture, a MEMS MMA provides continuous fine steer upstream of the optical amplifier and a beam steerer, another MEMS MMA or a QWP and stack of switchable PGs, provides discrete coarse steering downstream. In the two-stage architecture, the upstream MEMS MMA is configured to limit its steering range to the acceptance angle of the optical amplifier, at most ±2°×±2°. The MEMS MMA may include piston capability to shape the wavefront of the beam.