An exemplary system can be provided which can include, for example, a plurality of source arrangements configured to provide a plurality of electro-magnetic radiations to at least one of at least one sample or at least one reference structure, a first arrangement configured to receive a first radiation(s) from the reference structure(s), a second arrangement configured to receive a second radiation(s) from the sample(s), where a portion(s) of the second radiation(s) can be in an invisible spectrum, a third arrangement configured to combine the first radiation(s) and the second radiation(s) into a third radiation(s), and a fourth arrangement configured to convert the third radiation(s) into a further radiation in a visible spectrum based on the at least one portion.

One aspect of the present disclosure is a method for selective surface functionalization using a single-photon source. The method for selective functionalization using a single-photon source includes: (a) adding a single-photon source to a solution containing a photosensitizer and a monomer; and (b) emitting a single photon from the single-photon source. One aspect of the present disclosure is a selectively functionalized single-photon source prepared by the method.

The present invention provides a method for fabricating KTP nonlinear racetrack micro-ring resonator, composed of six steps: KTP wafer processing, ion implantation, electron beam exposure, subsequent processing, reactive ion etching and final processing. A thin-film waveguide structure similar to the on-insulator lithium niobate thin-film can be achieved through only one process of ion implantation, which enables significantly simplified procedure, shortened time, and reduced cost. Meanwhile, the KTP micro-ring resonator produced according to the present invention has an optical damage threshold several times higher than the existing lithium niobate micro-ring resonator. It can output nonlinear frequency converted light to the power of milliwatts, and suitable for the case where both the input and output optical signals are pulsed lasers. Since Ion implantation, electron beam exposure, metal evaporation deposition, and reactive ion etching are all relatively developed micro-nano machining technologies, the present invention has wonderful operability and repeatability.

An optical computation system includes a light source configured to produce a pump beam, an optical modulator configured to modulate the pump beam based on the modulation mask to generate a modulated beam, a non-linear medium configured to convert a portion of the modulated beam to a second harmonic (SH) beam and to produce an output including the SH beam and an unconverted portion of the pump beam, and a dichroic mirror configured to receive the output of the non-linear medium and to decouple the SH beam and the unconverted portion of the pump beam, a detector configured to detect a first optical power of the unconverted portion of the pump beam and to detect a second optical power of the SH beam, and a controller configured to generate an updated modulation mask based on the first and second optical powers for transmission to the optical modulator.

A nonlinear crystal including stacked strontium tetraborate SrB.sub.4O.sub.7 (SBO) crystal plates that are cooperatively configured to create a periodic structure for quasi-phase-matching (QPM) is used in the final frequency doubling stage of a laser assembly to generate laser output light having a wavelength in the range of about 180 nm to 200 nm. One or more fundamental laser beams are frequency doubled, down-converted and/or summed using one or more frequency conversion stages to generate an intermediate frequency light with a corresponding wavelength in the range of about 360 nm to 400 nm, and then the final frequency converting stage utilizes the nonlinear crystal to double the frequency of the intermediate frequency light to generate the desired laser output light at high power. Methods, inspection systems, lithography systems and cutting systems incorporating the laser assembly are also described.

A electronic method, includes receiving, by a graphene structure, a microwave signal. The microwave signal has a driving voltage level. The electronic method includes generating, by the graphene structure, optical photons based on the microvolts. The electronic method includes outputting, by the graphene structure, the optical photons.

A electronic method, includes receiving, by a graphene structure, a microwave signal. The microwave signal has a driving voltage level. The electronic method includes generating, by the graphene structure, optical photons based on the microvolts. The electronic method includes outputting, by the graphene structure, the optical photons.

According to one embodiment, a nitride crystal includes first, second, and third nitride crystal regions. The third nitride crystal region includes Al, and is provided between the first and second nitride crystal regions. A third oxygen concentration in the third nitride crystal region is greater than a first oxygen concentration in the first nitride crystal region and greater than a second oxygen concentration in the second nitride crystal region. A third carbon concentration in the third nitride crystal region is greater than a first carbon concentration in the first nitride crystal region and greater than a second carbon concentration in the second nitride crystal region. A <0001> direction of the first nitride crystal region is one of a first orientation from the second nitride crystal region toward the first nitride crystal region or a second orientation from the first nitride crystal region toward the second nitride crystal region.

To perform poling treatment in a simple procedure by dry process. A magnetic field poling device includes a first holding part configured to hold a film-to-be-poled (2); a second holding part configured to hold a magnet generating a magnetic field B to the film-to-be-poled (2); and a moving mechanism configured to move the first holding part or the second holding part in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field B.

Provided are a wavelength converting particle, a method for manufacturing a wavelength converting particle, and a light-emitting diode containing a wavelength converting particle. The wavelength converting particle comprises a hybrid OIP nanocrystal that converts a wavelength of light generated by an excitation light source into a specified wavelength. Accordingly, it is possible to optically stabilize and improve color purity and light-emission performance without changes in a light-emitting wavelength range.