An electrochromic system and method for controlling photochromic darkening of an electrochromic device, the system including an EC device, a control unit, a voltage detector, and a power supply. The EC device includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, a solid-state polymer electrolyte disposed therebetween, and a Bragg reflector configured to selectively reflect UV radiation away from the working electrode. The control unit is configured to control a sweep voltage applied between the working and counter electrodes, such that the sweep voltage is applied when an open circuit voltage (OCV) between the working and counter electrodes is less than a threshold voltage.

An electrochromic system and method for controlling photochromic darkening of an electrochromic device, the system including an EC device, a control unit, a voltage detector, and a power supply. The EC device includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a solid-state polymer electrolyte disposed therebetween. The control unit is configured to control a sweep voltage applied between the working and counter electrodes, such that the sweep voltage is applied when an open circuit voltage (OCV) between the working and counter electrodes is less than a threshold voltage.

An electrochromic system and method for controlling photochromic darkening of an electrochromic device, the system including an EC device, a control unit, a voltage detector, and a power supply. The EC device includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, a solid-state polymer electrolyte disposed therebetween, and an ionically conductive and electrically insulating protective layer disposed between the electrolyte and the working electrode. The control unit is configured to control a sweep voltage applied between the working and counter electrodes, such that the sweep voltage is applied when an open circuit voltage (OCV) between the working and counter electrodes is less than a threshold voltage.

Provided is a light modulator including a substrate, and a resonator configured to modulate a phase of incident light by modulating a refractive index based on an external stimulus, the resonator comprising a first reflective structure provided on the substrate, a cavity layer provided on the first reflective structure, and a second reflective structure provided on the cavity layer, wherein at least one of the first reflective structure or the second reflective structure comprises first material layers, second material layers that are alternately stacked with the first material layers, and a third material layer, and wherein each of the first material layers has a first refractive index, each of the second material layers has a second refractive index that is different from the first refractive index, and the third material layer has a third refractive index that is different from the first refractive index

Tunable optical structures operating based on slot resonances can be produced with periodic structures where each period includes at least two parallel nanobars with a slot therebetween. The slots include periodic notches served to generate resonances, the wavelength and the quality-factor of which can be controlled by applying bias voltages to nanobars thus generating mechanical movement of such nanobars. Phase modulators with close to unity reflection and beam steering devices can also be made based on these concepts.

A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting element including an epitaxial structure and a DBR. The DBR includes first and second reflective units. The first reflective unit includes first reflective structures. The second reflective unit includes second reflective structures. Each of the first and second reflective structures has first and second material layers. The first material layer of each of the first reflective structures has an optical thickness different from that of the first material layer of each of the second reflective structures. The second material layer of each of the first reflective structures has an optical thickness different from that of the second material layer of each of the second reflective structures. In each of the first and second reflective structures, the first material layer has a refractive index different from that of the second material layer.

Provided is a light modulator including a substrate, and a resonator configured to modulate a phase of incident light by modulating a refractive index based on an external stimulus, the resonator comprising a first reflective structure provided on the substrate, a cavity layer provided on the first reflective structure, and a second reflective structure provided on the cavity layer, wherein at least one of the first reflective structure or the second reflective structure comprises first material layers, second material layers that are alternately stacked with the first material layers, and a third material layer, and wherein each of the first material layers has a first refractive index, each of the second material layers has a second refractive index that is different from the first refractive index, and the third material layer has a third refractive index that is different from the first refractive index.

A display apparatus includes a light source array in which a plurality of light sources emitting light by a local dimming are arranged, a color conversion layer comprising color conversion particles that convert the emitted light into light of a certain color, and configured to emit white light by using the converted light, a display panel configured to generate an image by using the white light, and a selective transmission member arranged between the light source array and the color conversion layer. The selective transmission member is configured to transmit the light to the color conversion layer, and avoid transmitting the light in the color conversion layer to the light source array.

A light modulator for amplifying an intensity of incident light and modulating a phase of the incident light is provided. The light modulator includes: a first distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) layer having a first reflectivity and comprising at least two first refractive index layers that have different refractive indices from each other and are repeatedly alternately stacked; a second DBR layer having a second reflectivity and comprising at least two second refractive index layers that have different refractive indices from each other and are repeatedly alternately stacked; and an active layer disposed between the first DBR layer and the second DBR layer, and comprising a quantum well structure.

Electrochromic devices with reflective structure and related manufacturing methods are provided. One of the electrochromic devices includes a bottom electrode layer, an electrochromic layer on the bottom electrode layer, an electrolyte layer on the electrochromic layer, a charge storage layer on the electrolyte layer, and a top electrode on the charge storage layer. The transmittance of the electrochromic device changes in response to a voltage applied between the bottom electrode layer and the top electrode layer. One of the bottom and the top electrode layers is a reflective conductive layer, while the other being a transparent conductive layer. This electrochromic device has a simplified structure due to the removal of a separated reflective film, which also results in simplified manufacturing process.