An image forming apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes an electroconductive substrate, an undercoat layer which is provided on the electroconductive substrate and has electrostatic capacitance per unit area of from 2.510.sup.11 F/cm.sup.2 to 2.510.sup.10 F/cm.sup.2, and a photosensitive layer provided on the undercoat layer; a charging unit; an electrostatic latent image forming unit; a developing unit; an intermediate transfer member; a primary transfer unit that primarily transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, onto the surface of an intermediate transfer member, while providing a primary transfer current value of from 80 A to 160 A; and a secondary transfer unit that secondarily transfers the toner image transferred onto the surface of the intermediate transfer member, onto a surface of a recording medium.

An image forming apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes an electroconductive substrate, an undercoat layer which is provided on the electroconductive substrate and has electrostatic capacitance per unit area of from 2.510.sup.11 F/cm.sup.2 to 2.510.sup.10 F/cm.sup.2, and a photosensitive layer provided on the undercoat layer; a charging unit; an electrostatic latent image forming unit; a developing unit; an intermediate transfer member; a primary transfer unit that primarily transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, onto the surface of an intermediate transfer member, while providing a primary transfer current value of from 80 A to 160 A; and a secondary transfer unit that secondarily transfers the toner image transferred onto the surface of the intermediate transfer member, onto a surface of a recording medium.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member which can simultaneously achieve less occurrence of leakage and the definition of an output image even when being an electrophotographic photosensitive member where a layer containing a metal oxide particle is adopted as an electroconductive layer, and which includes a support, an electroconductive layer and a photosensitive layer in this order, wherein the electroconductive layer contains a binder material and a particle represented by general formula (1):

TiO.sub.2.00XN.sub.Y (1)

wherein Ti represents a titanium atom, O represents an oxygen atom, N represents a nitrogen atom and 0.00<Y<X0.60 is satisfied.

In the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, a plurality of convex portions having a longest diameter L1 in the generatrix direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of 30 m or more arid a height H1 of 1 m or more are formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a plurality of convex portions corresponding to the convex portions formed on the surface of the surface layer are formed at the interface between the surface layer and a layer immediately below the surface layer, and the rate of fitting of the convex portions formed on the surface of the surface layer to the convex portions formed at the interface between the surface layer and the layer immediately below the surface layer is 20% or more and 200% or less.

In the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, a plurality of convex portions having a longest diameter L1 in the generatrix direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of 30 m or more arid a height H1 of 1 m or more are formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a plurality of convex portions corresponding to the convex portions formed on the surface of the surface layer are formed at the interface between the surface layer and a layer immediately below the surface layer, and the rate of fitting of the convex portions formed on the surface of the surface layer to the convex portions formed at the interface between the surface layer and the layer immediately below the surface layer is 20% or more and 200% or less.

This electrophotographic photosensitive body (20) comprises a supporting body (20a) and a photosensitive layer (20b) that is formed on the surface of the supporting body (20a). The surface of the photosensitive layer (20b) has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra within the range of from 20 nm to 100 nm (inclusive), a ten-point average roughness Rz within the range of from 0.2 m to 1.0 m (inclusive) and a mean spacing of profile irregularities Sm of 20 m or less in the initial stage of use.

A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 m to 50 m and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 m to 400 m, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive base, and a single-layer photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive base and containing a binder resin, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a charge generation material. When a gold electrode is provided on the photosensitive layer so as to have an electrode area of 9.310.sup.1 cm.sup.2, and an electric field of 27 V/m is applied between the gold electrode and the conductive base in an environment at a temperature of 33 C. and a humidity of 80% RH by applying a voltage so that the gold electrode becomes positive, a dark electrical conductivity .sub.d (1/(.Math.cm)) per unit area is about 4.610.sup.14 or less.

A single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The conductive substrate contains aluminum or an aluminum alloy. A surface of the conductive substrate has an aluminum oxide film or an aluminum alloy oxide film. The photosensitive layer is disposed directly on the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer contains an electron transport material. The electron transport material has a reduction potential of at least 0.88 V and no greater than 0.66 V versus a reference electrode (Ag/Ag.sup.+). The single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member has a leakage onset voltage of at least 5.0 kV in a high temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 30 C. and a relative humidity of 80%. The leakage onset voltage is a voltage applied to the single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member at which current leakage starts.

A single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The conductive substrate contains aluminum or an aluminum alloy. A surface of the conductive substrate has an aluminum oxide film or an aluminum alloy oxide film. The photosensitive layer is disposed directly on the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer contains an electron transport material. The electron transport material has a reduction potential of at least 0.88 V and no greater than 0.66 V versus a reference electrode (Ag/Ag.sup.+). The single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member has a leakage onset voltage of at least 5.0 kV in a high temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 30 C. and a relative humidity of 80%. The leakage onset voltage is a voltage applied to the single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member at which current leakage starts.