A developing roller having a conductive substrate and a resin layer present on the outer surface side of the substrate, wherein the developing roller is for a positive-charging toner, the resin layer contains a crosslinked urethane resin, an amino group is present at an outermost surface of the resin layer, where an ion intensity derived from the amino groups relative to all detected ions in the resin layer is 1.0% or more, a ratio of the total of detected values of Si, F, and Cl at the outermost surface of the resin layer is less than 5.0 Atomic %, and the elastic modulus and volume resistivity of the resin layer satisfy a specific relationship.

An external additive for toner, wherein the external additive is an organosilicon polymer particle, and defining A (nm) as the number-average particle diameter of primary particles of the external additive measured using a scanning electron microscope, and defining B (nm) as the number-average particle diameter of the external additive measured in accordance with a centrifugal sedimentation method, the A and the B satisfy a following Expression (1):
1.5B/A3.0(1).

A toner comprises toner particles and an external additive adhering to surfaces of the toner particles, wherein the toner particle includes a crystalline polyester resin and a wax, the external additive includes organic/inorganic composite fine particles and an associated silica having two or more primary particles being associated with each other, and the toner has a softening point of 110 C. or lower.

A toner having high rub resistance is provided. A toner including a toner particle containing a binder resin and a calcium carbonate particle, wherein in X-ray diffractometry of the toner particle by CuK radiation, when the Bragg angle is defined as , (i) the calcium carbonate particle has peaks at 2 of 26.50.5 and 29.50.5, (ii) a crystallite diameter of crystals thereof attributed to 2=29.50.5 is 10 nm or more and 45 nm or less, and (iii) the ratio (a/b) of a peak intensity a at 2=26.50.5 to a peak intensity b at 2=29.50.5 is 0.15 or more and 0.24 or less.

A toner that is excellent in low-temperature fixability at the time of high-speed printing, achieves both hot offset resistance and winding resistance, and has such satisfactory durability as not to be liable to cause an image failure even at the time of long-term endurance. The toner includes a toner particle containing a binder resin including a first resin and a second resin, wherein the first resin is a crystalline resin, wherein the second resin is an amorphous resin, wherein, the toner has a domain-matrix structure formed of: a matrix containing the first resin; and domains each containing the second resin, wherein, an endothermic quantity H (J/g) derived from the first resin satisfies a relationship of H3, and wherein, in flow tester measurement of the toner, the following relationships are satisfied: T1065; T1T1010.

A toner containing a toner particle, wherein, when a dielectric loss tangent measured at a frequency of 10 kHz in an impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 50 C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH is designated by tan 50 C.(1), and a dielectric loss tangent measured at a frequency of 10 kHz in an impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 30 C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH after the impedance measurement on the toner in an environment having a temperature of 50 C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH is designated by tan 30 C.(2), tan 50 C.(1) is from 0.015 to 0.050, the relationship tan 50 C.(1)>tan 30 C.(2) is satisfied, and tan 30 C.(2)/tan 50 C.(1) is from 0.25 to 0.66.

A green toner for electrostatic charge image development includes green toner particles containing a binder resin, an azomethine fluorescent pigment having an emission peak in a wavelength region of 500 nm or more and 550 nm or less in an emission spectrum, and a non-fluorescent pigment having a reflection peak in a wavelength region of 480 nm or more and 540 nm or less in a reflection spectrum, wherein a mass proportion of the azomethine fluorescent pigment in the green toner particles is 3% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less and a mass ratio M1/M2 of a content M1 of the azomethine fluorescent pigment to a content M2 of the non-fluorescent pigment is 1 or more and 5 or less; and oil-treated silica particles externally added to the green toner particles.

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin, wherein the toner particle further comprises a compound represented by a following formula (1) and a pigment having a quinacridone structure; ##STR00001## where, in the formula (1), R represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 4 to 22 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of 1 to 4.

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin, wherein the toner particle comprises a condensation product of an organosilicon compound, in time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry of the toner particle, a normalized intensity of silicon ions derived from the condensation product of the organosilicon compound is from 7.0010.sup.4 to 3.0010.sup.2, a normalized intensity of silicon ions after sputtering the toner particle under a specific condition is 6.9910.sup.4 or lower, the toner comprises a fine particle on the surface of the toner particle, and the fine particle has at least one selected from the group consisting of a specific fine particle of a polyhydric acid metal salt, a strontium titanate fine particle, a titanium oxide fine particle and an aluminum oxide fine particles.

A toner comprising: a toner particle comprising a binder resin; and an external additive on a surface of the toner particle, wherein the binder resin comprises a resin having an ester bond, a peak corresponding to boric acid is detected in ATR-IR analysis of the toner particle in an ATR method using germanium as an ATR crystal, and when a dispersed solution obtained by dispersing the toner in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant is subjected to a detachment treatment A including shaking for 300 seconds using a shaker, and when an external additive detached from the toner by the detachment treatment A is denoted as external additive A, a charge amount of the external additive A using a standard carrier (F81) is 0.5 C/g or less.