A toner includes polyolefin and has an exothermic peak in a range from 40° C. to 70° C. in a cooling process of the polyolefin by the DSC after a first heating process of the polyolefin by DSC. The polyolefin does not have an exothermic peak in the cooling process of the polyolefin by the DSC after the first heating process of the polyolefin by the DSC, and has an exothermic peak in a range from 0° C. to 30° C. in a second heating process of the polyolefin by the DSC.

A toner comprises a toner particle containing a resin component and a wax; and an inorganic fine particle on a surface of the toner particle, wherein in the cross section of the toner particle, domains including the wax are present in a region ranging from a surface of the toner particle to a depth of 600 nm from the surface, wherein when a percentage ratio of sum of areas of all the domains in the region with respect to an area of the region is R2, and when a percentage ratio of sum of areas of the domains having a major diameter of 10 to 120 nm in the region with respect to the area of the region is R1, R1 and R2 satisfy the following formulae (1) and (2):

2.0≤R1(%)≤15.0  formula(1)

R1(%)/R2(%)≥0.60  formula (2).

A two-component developer 100 includes a carrier 200 and a toner 300. The carrier 200 satisfies the relationships 100≤α≤220 and 300≤β≤480 when a voltage is applied in 1 V steps by a bridge resistance measurement method, where α (V) is a carrier voltage value obtained when a current value flowing through the carrier 200 reaches 1.0.sup.−7 (A), and β (V) is a carrier voltage value obtained when the current value reaches 1.0.sup.−5 (A).

A photoresponsive polymer that is fluidized by light irradiation and reversibly non-fluidized and contains a structural unit represented by a general formula (1) shown below:

##STR00001## wherein each substituent is defined as described in the specification.

A compound that is fluidized by light irradiation and reversibly non-fluidized and is represented by the following general formula (1):

##STR00001##

In the general formula (1), Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally having a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group optionally having a substituent, and Y, Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group.

The toner has a toner matrix particle containing a crystalline polyester resin. Associated silica including two or more of primary particles is present on the surface of the toner matrix particle. The coverage with associated silica onto the toner matrix particle is 1% or more to 30% or less, and the adherence strength of associated silica to the toner matrix particle is 20% or more to 90% or less.

A positively charged toner for development of an electrostatic image, containing matrix particles containing at least a binder resin and a release agent, coated with inorganic fine particles, the binder resin containing a crystalline resin, the release agent containing ester wax (W) containing a dipentaerythritol unit as a constitutional component, the inorganic fine particles containing positively charged silica (S1) and negatively charged silica (S2), and the positively charged silica (S1) having an average particle diameter that is smaller than an average particle diameter of the negatively charged silica (S2), and the negatively charged silica (S2) having an average particle diameter of 10 nm or more and 90 nm or less.

A carrier for developing an electrostatic charge image has magnetic particles and a resin coating that covers the magnetic particles and contains at least one lubricant. The resin coating has a dispersed phase of the lubricant and meets requirement (1). Requirement (1): the lubricant content in a top layer>the lubricant content in a middle layer>the lubricant content in a bottom layer The top, middle, and bottom layers are of the resin coating divided into three in the direction of thickness, and the lubricant content is the percentage area of the dispersed phase of the lubricant in a cross-section of the layer taken along the thickness thereof.

The peak top molecular weight of the tetrahydrofuran-soluble component of the toner, as measured by gel permeation chromatography, is 4,000 or more and 6,500 or less. The tetrahydrofuran-insoluble component of the toner is 10% by weight or more and 30% by weight or less. When the endothermic peak temperature T1 in the heating process and the exothermic peak temperature T2 during the cooling process originating from the ester wax is measured using a differential scanning calorimeter, the value T1-T2 is 15° C. or more and 30° C. or less.

A method for printing a three-dimensional part with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having an electrophotography engine, a transfer medium, and a layer transfusion assembly includes providing a part material to the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, the part material compositionally comprising a charge control agent, and a thermoplastic material having a heat deflection temperature greater than about 150° C., and has a powder form. The method includes triboelectrically charging the part material to a Q/M ratio having a negative charge or a positive charge, and a magnitude ranging from about 5 micro-Coulombs/gram to about 50 micro-Coulombs/gram and developing layers of the three-dimensional part from the charged part material with the electrophotography engine. The method includes electrostatically attracting the developed layers from the electrophotography engine to the transfer medium and moving the attracted layers to the layer transfusion assembly with the transfer medium, wherein the layer transfusion assembly comprises a nip roller. The method includes transfusing the moved layers to previously-printed layers of the three-dimensional part with by moving the attracted layers about a nip of a nip roller using heat and pressure over time.