A developing device includes a developer container, a developing roller, and a doctor member. The developer container contains a developer including a toner and a developer. The developing roller includes a developing sleeve bearing the developer, a magnet roller in the developing sleeve. The doctor member includes a regulating portion regulating an amount of the developer home on the developing sleeve to be a predetermined amount. The regulating portion is disposed with a first distance from the developing sleeve. The developing sleeve is disposed with a second distance from an image hearer, and when the developing sleeve bearing the predetermined amount of developer passes a vicinity of the image bearer, a value obtained by dividing the predetermined amount by the second distance is less than a threshold of occurrence of adherence of the developer to the developing sleeve.

An image forming apparatus in which no image smearing occurs even under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions while durability and low-temperature fixability are maintained. The image forming apparatus comprises: an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support; an image forming unit configured to form an electrostatic image on the electrophotographic photosensitive member; a developing unit comprising a toner and configured to supply the toner to the electrostatic image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member for forming a toner image; and a transferring unit configured to transfer the toner image from the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is a surface layer comprises a binder resin (A), the toner is a toner including toner particles each containing a binder resin (B) and a wax, and the binder resin (A) has a specific structure I.

An electrostatic charge image developing toner includes toner particles having an average circularity of 0.96 to 1.00 and organic particles having an aspect ratio of 0.4 to 0.9 as an external additive.

A toner includes toner particles and zinc stearate particles. The toner particles each include a toner mother particle containing a binder resin. The zinc stearate particles have a 50% volume cumulative diameter of at least 3.0 μm and no greater than 6.0 μm. A presence ratio of the zinc stearate particles having a particle diameter of no greater than 1.0 μm is no greater than 2.0% by volume relative to a total amount of the zinc stearate particles. A presence ratio of the zinc stearate particles having a particle diameter of at least 10.0 μm is no greater than 2.0% by volume relative to the total amount of the zinc stearate particles.

A charging member 2 that charges an image bearing member 1 has an electrically conductive support and an elastic layer in contact with the image bearing member 1. The elastic layer includes a semi-conductive rubber composition having a matrix-domain structure including a matrix and domains having electric conductivity. The matrix has a higher volume resistivity than the domain. The developer includes a toner having toner particles. The toner particles each have a surface layer including an organosilicon polymer. The organosilicon polymer has a structure represented by R—SiO.sub.3/2 (R is a hydrocarbon group having at least 1 and not more than 6 carbon atoms). The adhesion ratio of the organosilicon polymer on the surface of the toner particle is 90% or more.

A toner including a toner particle containing a binder resin and an external additive, wherein the external additive contains composite particles of an organosilicon polymer fine particle and a fatty acid metal salt.

Provided is a toner including a toner particle and an external additive, wherein the external additive includes a composite particle including a hydrotalcite particle covered on the surface with an organosilicon polymer fine particle, a coverage ratio of the hydrotalcite particle surface by the organosilicon polymer fine particle is from 1% to 50%, and given A (nm) as the number-average particle diameter of the primary particles of the organosilicon polymer fine particle and B (nm) as the number-average particle diameter of the primary particles of the hydrotalcite particle, the toner satisfies the following formula (I) and formula (II):
A<B  (I)
20≤A≤350  (II).

Provided are an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge each capable of suppressing the occurrence of a black spot (white background contamination) in an output image under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment. The electrophotographic apparatus includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer in the stated order; an exposing device; a developing device; and a cleaning device, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a specific structure at a ratio in a specific range, and a toner contains toner particles each containing at least a resin, and an external additive. The toner has a volume-average particle diameter of 7 μm or more. The external additive contains a compound containing a titanium atom. The ratio of the mass of the compound containing a titanium atom to the total mass of the toner is 0.6 mass % or more.

A toner comprising an organosilicon polymer particle and a toner particle containing a binder resin and a wax, wherein the organosilicon polymer particle contains an organosilicon polymer, a part of silicon atoms in the organosilicon polymer has a T3 unit structure, a ratio of an area of peaks derived from silicon having the T3 unit structure relative to a total area of peaks derived from all silicon element contained in the organosilicon polymer particle is from 0.70 to 1.00 in .sup.29Si-NMR measurement of the organosilicon polymer particle, a plurality of domains of the wax are present in a cross-section of the toner particle, the wax is an ester wax, the average long diameter of the domains of the ester wax is from 0.03 μm to 2.00 μm, and the SP value SPw of the wax is from 8.59 to 9.01.

A toner comprising: a toner particle containing a binder resin; and an external additive, wherein the external additive comprises an external additive A and B; the external additive A has a number-average primary particle diameter of 35 to 300 nm, a dielectric constant ε.sub.ra of not more than 3.50, and a shape factor SF-1 of not more than 114, and is an organosilicon polymer particle having a particular T3 unit structure; a proportion for an area of a peak originating from silicon having the T3 unit structure with reference to that of all silicon elements is 0.50 to 1.00; the external additive B has a number-average primary particle diameter of from 5 nm to 25 nm and a dielectric constant ε.sub.rb that satisfies formula (A): 0.50≤ε.sub.rb−ε.sub.ra (A); and a coverage ratio by the external additive B for the toner particle surface is 50% to 100%.