Metal oxide-polymer composite particles have a median particle size D50 of 40-75 nm or 100-150 nm and an average RTA of at least 0.06. Alternatively or in addition, metal oxide-polymer composites comprise two or more populations of metal oxide particles differing in size, particle size distribution, or shape. Alternatively or in addition, the use of a multicomponent hydrophobizing system including an alkylsilane to fabricate metal oxide-polymer composite particles increases the tribocharge of the composite particles.

Disclosed herein are methods of electrostatically printing a cyclodextrin composition on a substrate, the method including forming an electrostatically printable composition comprising a polymer and one or more cyclodextrins, one or more cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, or a combination thereof, and electrostatically printing the composition on a substrate. Also described are electrostatically printable compositions, methods of making the compositions, printing systems employing the compositions, substrates having the composition electrostatically printed thereon, laminates thereof, and uses of the printed substrates and laminates.

An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image bearing member, a charging member, a developing unit, a cleaning member, and a supply container. In an accommodating portion of a new developing unit, an initial developer which is a developer in a predetermined amount is filled in advance. The initial developer contains toner particles of which charge polarity is a predetermined polarity, and to the toner particles of the initial developer, lubricant particles of a polarity opposite in charge polarity to the predetermined polarity are externally added. A supply developer which is the developer accommodated in the supply container contains the toner particles. An external addition amount of the lubricant particles to the toner particles in the supply developer is smaller than an external addition amount of the lubricant particles to the toner particles in the initial developer.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearer, a charger, a developing device, and a transferor. The charger is disposed in contact with the image bearer to charge the image bearer. The developing device supplies toner to the image bearer to form a toner image on the image bearer. The transferor transfers the toner image on the image bearer to a recording medium or an intermediate transferor. The developing device collects transfer residual toner remaining on the image bearer after transfer of the toner image. The toner contains base particles and an external additive. The external additive has a volume average particle diameter of 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less. A content of the external additive is 1.8% by mass or less in the toner.

An electrophotographic developer set comprising a toner, and a powder adhesive, wherein the powder adhesive comprises a crystalline polyester resin, and a thermoplastic resin other than the crystalline polyester resin; the amount of the crystalline polyester resin in the powder adhesive is 21% by mass or more; the melting point of the crystalline polyester resin is 55 C. to 100 C.; in a viscoelasticity measurement, where Gt(100) denotes a storage elastic modulus of the toner at 100 C. and Gb(100) denotes a storage elastic modulus of the powder adhesive at 100 C., Gb(100) is 1.010.sup.5 Pa or less and Gt(100)/Gb(100) is 1.2 or more.

A photoluminescent toner includes a photoluminescent toner particle that contains a binder resin, a release agent, and a photoluminescent pigment and has a release agent domain, and a silicone oil-treated silica particle that is externally added to the photoluminescent toner particle, in which in observation of a cross section of the photoluminescent toner particle, an average major axis length Dw of the release agent domain and an average major axis length Dp of the photoluminescent pigment satisfy Expression (1).
0.3Dw/Dp1.0Expression (1):

There is used a toner accommodating container including: a bag-shaped accommodating portion having flexibility; and a toner accommodated in the accommodating portion, and including a silica particle. The toner has a value of Total Energy of 300 mJ or less in measurement of the Total Energy when a propeller type blade is caused to penetrate a surface of a powder layer of the toner manufacturing by applying a vertical load of 88 kPa in a measurement container in a powder flowability measurement device while the propeller type blade is being rotated at a peripheral speed of 100 mm/see of an outermost edge portion thereof.

There is used a toner accommodating container including: a bag-shaped accommodating portion having flexibility; and a toner accommodated in the accommodating portion, and including a silica particle. The toner has a value of Total Energy of 300 mJ or less in measurement of the Total Energy when a propeller type blade is caused to penetrate a surface of a powder layer of the toner manufacturing by applying a vertical load of 88 kPa in a measurement container in a powder flowability measurement device while the propeller type blade is being rotated at a peripheral speed of 100 mm/see of an outermost edge portion thereof.

An electrostatic charge image developing toner includes a toner particle that contains a binder resin having an acid value of 5 mgKOH/g or more and 25 mgKOH/g or less, and a pigment having an isoindoline skeleton, in which a total Net intensity N.sub.A of an alkali metal and an alkaline earth metal, which is measured by fluorescent X-ray analysis, in the toner particle is 1.50 kcps or more and 4.00 kcps or less.

A white toner includes a toner particle that contains a binder resin, a release agent, and titanium oxide, at least a part of the titanium oxide being present in a release agent domain, in which in observation of a cross section of the toner particle, an average major axis length Dt of the toner particle, an average major axis length Dw of the release agent domain, and an average major axis length Dp of the titanium oxide in the release agent domain satisfy Expressions (1) and (2).
2DpDw10DpExpression (1):
0.1DtDw0.5DtExpression (2).