The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer in which an occurrence of the image deletion is suppressed; a process cartridge equipped with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and an electrophotographic apparatus provided with the process cartridge. An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer that includes a copolymerized product of a composition including a metal oxide particle having a polymerizable functional group on a surface thereof and a polymerizable compound having a particular structure.

An electrophotographic member including: a base member; an elastic layer having a thickness of from 100 m to 500 m, and containing a cured product of an addition-curable silicone rubber composition; and a cured product layer arranged between the base member and the elastic layer, the cured product layer containing a cured product of a composition containing an organopolysiloxane having a SiH group and a silane coupling agent having an alkenyl group. A peel adhesive strength between the elastic layer and the base member is a specific range. The elastic layer undergoes a cohesive failure in a peel test from the base member. The ratio (HU2/HU1) of a universal hardness HU2 on the inner surface of the elastic layer to a universal hardness HU1 at a position reached by cutting the elastic layer from its outer surface in its depth direction by 10 m is a specific range.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in this order, a support, a charge generating layer having a thickness of more than 200 nm and containing a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigment or a chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigment as a charge generating material, and a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material. The charge generating material satisfies a requirement for a specific parameter.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that is improved in potential stability in long-term use under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and does not cause degradation in image quality, such as a low density. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; an undercoat layer formed on the support; a charge-generating layer formed directly on the undercoat layer; and a charge-transporting layer formed on the charge-generating layer. The undercoat layer contains a polyamide resin, titanium oxide particles surface-treated with an organic silicon compound, and a compound represented by the following Formula (1), and has a content of the compound represented by the Formula (1) of 4 ppm or more and 80 ppm or less: ##STR00001##
in the Formula (1), R and R each independently represent a methyl group or an ethyl group.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a satisfactory suppressing effect on image smearing. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes: a support; a photosensitive layer; and a surface layer, the surface layer containing at least one of melamine resin-containing particles and acrylic resin-containing particles, and a polymerized product of a composition containing a charge-transporting compound having a polymerizable functional group; and a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a copolymer of a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound and a specific compound.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. An optical response time is 0.05 milliseconds or longer and 0.85 milliseconds or shorter. The optical response time is a time from irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm to decay of a surface potential of the photosensitive layer from +800 V to +400 V. The pulse light has an intensity that allows the surface potential of the photosensitive layer to decay to +200 V from +800 V after 400 milliseconds elapse from the irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with the pulse light. The photosensitive layer has a Martens hardness at 50 C. of at least 160 N/mm.sup.2.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that is formed on the electroconductive substrate and that contains an inorganic oxide and a lubricant resin. When light having a wavelength of 780 nm is irradiated onto a slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide in a predetermined solvent to provide an inorganic oxide slurry, the inorganic oxide slurry has a luminous transmittance that is 40% or more. The photosensitive layer may be a negatively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer, a monolayer type photosensitive layer, or a positively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is less worn upon long-term use, allows no filming, and can realize stable images. A method for producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor and an electrophotographic apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor are disclosed.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member which satisfies wear resistance and electrical properties, further has high image deletion prevention properties under a high temperature and high humidity environment, and a small potential variation under a low temperature and low humidity environment is provided. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer containing a polymerization product of a hole transporting compound having a specific structure.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor of a negatively-chargeable laminate-type includes a conductive substrate; a charge generation layer provided on the conductive substrate and including a charge generating material; and a charge transport layer provided on the charge generation layer and containing, as a binder resin, a copolymerized polycarbonate resin having a repeating unit represented by Formula (1); as a hole transporting substance, a compound having a structure represented by Formula (2); as an electron transporting substance, a compound having a structure represented by Formula (3), and, as an antioxidant, a compound represented by Structural Formula (4), where a mass ratio H/(B+H) represents a ratio of mass (H) of the hole transporting substance with respect to a sum of mass (B) of the binder resin and the mass (H) of the hole transporting substance, and satisfies Formula (5), 0.20 by massH/(B+H)0.35 by mass, ##STR00001##