A memory apparatus and a memory device are provided. The memory apparatus includes a memory device including a plurality of memory cells and a driving circuit configured to control the memory cells; wherein each of the memory cells includes a memory layer where a magnetization direction is changeable by a current, a magnetic fixed layer having a fixed magnetization, an intermediate layer including a non-magnetic material provided between the memory layer and the magnetic fixed layer, a top electrode provided over the memory layer, a bottom electrode provided over the magnetic fixed layer; wherein the current is configured to flow in a lamination direction between the top electrode and the bottom electrode.

A method of forming a magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) device includes providing a first die containing a selector material layer located over a first substrate, providing a second die containing a MRAM layer stack located over a second substrate, and bonding the first die to the second die.

A method of forming a magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) device includes providing a first die containing a selector material layer located over a first substrate, providing a second die containing a MRAM layer stack located over a second substrate, and bonding the first die to the second die.

According to one embodiment, a magnetic memory device includes a magnetoresistance effect element portion, a switching element portion provided on a lower layer side of the magnetoresistance effect element portion, a buffer insulating portion provided between the magnetoresistance effect element portion and the switching element portion, and a conductive portion surrounding a side surface of the buffer insulating portion and electrically connecting the magnetoresistance effect element portion and the switching element portion to each other.

According to one embodiment, a magnetic memory device includes a magnetoresistance effect element portion, a switching element portion provided on a lower layer side of the magnetoresistance effect element portion, a buffer insulating portion provided between the magnetoresistance effect element portion and the switching element portion, and a conductive portion surrounding a side surface of the buffer insulating portion and electrically connecting the magnetoresistance effect element portion and the switching element portion to each other.

Discussed herein are systems and methods for protecting against transistor degradation in a high-voltage (HV) shifter to transfer an input voltage to an access line, such as a global wordline. An embodiment of a memory device comprises memory cells and a HV shifter circuit that includes a signal transfer circuit, and first and second HV control circuits. The signal transfer circuit includes a P-channel transistor to transfer a high-voltage input to an access line. The first HV control circuit couples a bias voltage to the P-channel transistor for a first time period, and the second HV control circuit couples a stress-relief signal to the P-channel transistor for a second time period, after the first time period, to reduce degradation of the P-channel transistor. The transferred high voltage can be used to charge the access line to selectively read, program, or erase memory cells.

Discussed herein are systems and methods for protecting against transistor degradation in a high-voltage (HV) shifter to transfer an input voltage to an access line, such as a global wordline. An embodiment of a memory device comprises memory cells and a HV shifter circuit that includes a signal transfer circuit, and first and second HV control circuits. The signal transfer circuit includes a P-channel transistor to transfer a high-voltage input to an access line. The first HV control circuit couples a bias voltage to the P-channel transistor for a first time period, and the second H V control circuit couples a stress-relief signal to the P-channel transistor for a second time period, after the first time period, to reduce degradation of the P-channel transistor. The transferred high voltage can be used to charge the access line to selectively read, program, or erase memory cells.

A memory array includes wordlines, local bitlines, two-terminal memory elements, global bitlines, and local-to-global bitline pass gates and gain stages. The memory elements are formed between the wordlines and local bitlines. Each local bitline is selectively coupled to an associated global bitline, by way of an associated local-to-global bitline pass gate. During a read operation when a memory element of a local bitline is selected to be read, a local-to-global gain stage is configured to amplify a signal on or passing through the local bitline to an amplified signal on or along an associated global bitline. The amplified signal, which in one embodiment is dependent on the resistive state of the selected memory element, is used to rapidly determine the memory state stored by the selected memory element. The global bit line and/or the selected local bit line can be biased to compensate for the Process Voltage Temperature (PVT) variation.

A memory array includes wordlines, local bitlines, two-terminal memory elements, global bitlines, and local-to-global bitline pass gates and gain stages. The memory elements are formed between the wordlines and local bitlines. Each local bitline is selectively coupled to an associated global bitline, by way of an associated local-to-global bitline pass gate. During a read operation when a memory element of a local bitline is selected to be read, a local-to-global gain stage is configured to amplify a signal on or passing through the local bitline to an amplified signal on or along an associated global bitline. The amplified signal, which in one embodiment is dependent on the resistive state of the selected memory element, is used to rapidly determine the memory state stored by the selected memory element. The global bit line and/or the selected local bit line can be biased to compensate for the Process Voltage Temperature (PVT) variation.

A semiconductor device capable of increasing readout margin in a nonvolatile resistive random access memory is provided. A clamping circuit applies fixed potential to each of a memory element and a reference resistive element. A pre-charge circuit pre-charges first and second nodes to power-source potential. A sense amplifier amplifies the potential difference between the potential of the first node and the potential of the second node generated after a discharge period based on cell current and reference current after pre-charging made by the pre-charge circuit. A third node is coupled to the first and second nodes through a capacitor. An electric-charge supply circuit is connected to the third node, and supplies electric charge to the third node in the discharge period.