A cooling system for use in a superconducting magnet comprising a high temperature superconductor, HTS, coil. The cooling system comprises a refrigeration unit, one or more coolant channels, and a pumping unit. The refrigeration unit is configured to cool a gas, wherein the gas is hydrogen or helium. The one or more coolant channels are configured to be placed in thermal contact with components of the superconducting magnet and to carry said gas. The pumping unit is configured to pump said gas through the coolant channels. The refrigeration unit and pumping unit are configured to maintain the gas at a pressure and temperature such that a Joule-Thompson coefficient of the gas is positive, and the coolant channel is configured to reduce the pressure of gas as it flows through the channel by one or more of a throttle, a valve, and choice and/or variance of a cross section of the coolant channel.

The present invention discloses a low temperature controllable nuclear fusion device and a realization method thereof. The nuclear fusion device comprises a neutron source, an energy transmission system and a shielding layer. Neutrons radiated by the neutron source are used to irradiate the target nucleus-containing substance; the target nucleus of the neutron absorption is fissioned into a plurality of sub-nuclei; the released energy is transmitted by the energy transmission system; and the residual neutrons not absorbed by the target nucleus are completely absorbed by the shielding layer. The sub-nuclei and electrons produced by fission are finally combined into atoms and energy is released. The overall process of the present invention can be realized at low temperature, is easy to control, has no problem with Lawson conditions, and produces no radioactive spent nuclear fuel.

The present invention discloses a low temperature controllable nuclear fusion device and a realization method thereof. The nuclear fusion device comprises a neutron source, an energy transmission system and a shielding layer. Neutrons radiated by the neutron source are used to irradiate the target nucleus-containing substance; the target nucleus of the neutron absorption is fissioned into a plurality of sub-nuclei; the released energy is transmitted by the energy transmission system; and the residual neutrons not absorbed by the target nucleus are completely absorbed by the shielding layer. The sub-nuclei and electrons produced by fission are finally combined into atoms and energy is released. The overall process of the present invention can be realized at low temperature, is easy to control, has no problem with Lawson conditions, and produces no radioactive spent nuclear fuel.

An example plasma confinement system includes an inner electrode having a rounded first end that is disposed on a longitudinal axis of the plasma confinement system and an outer electrode that at least partially surrounds the inner electrode. The outer electrode includes a solid conductive shell and an electrically conductive material disposed on the solid conductive shell and on the longitudinal axis of the plasma confinement system. The electrically conductive material has a melting point within a range of 170 C. to 800 C. at 1 atmosphere of pressure. Related plasma confinement systems and methods are also disclosed herein.

An example plasma confinement system includes an inner electrode having a rounded first end that is disposed on a longitudinal axis of the plasma confinement system and an outer electrode that at least partially surrounds the inner electrode. The outer electrode includes a solid conductive shell and an electrically conductive material disposed on the solid conductive shell and on the longitudinal axis of the plasma confinement system. The electrically conductive material has a melting point within a range of 170 C. to 800 C. at 1 atmosphere of pressure. Related plasma confinement systems and methods are also disclosed herein.

Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some implementations an experimental fusion system includes a housing having a hollow toroidal interior chamber, wherein the hollow toroidal interior chamber includes an interior surface having rifling.

Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some implementations an experimental fusion system includes a housing having a hollow toroidal interior chamber, wherein the hollow toroidal interior chamber includes an interior surface having rifling.

A nuclear fusion reactor includes a chamber containing plasma and two or more devices which include superconducting electromagnetic coils. At least one of the two or more devices may be biased to a high voltage to provide thermal energy to ions in the magnetic confinement region. In some examples, the chamber and the two or more devices can be coaxial and toroid shaped. In some examples, the chamber can be spherical or cylindrical with the two or more devices being toroid or elongated toroid shaped and formed on opposite faces of a cuboid. The two or more devices may be disposed in the chamber to provide a high-beta magnetic confinement region for the plasma.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.