A toroidal field coil comprising a central column, a plurality of return limbs, a quench protection system, and a cooling system. The central column comprises IITS material. Each return limb comprises a quenchable section, two IITS sections, and a quenching 5 system. The quenchable section comprises superconducting material, and is configured to contribute towards a magnetic field of the toroidal field coil. The IITS sections comprise IITS material. The IITS sections electrically connect the quenchable section to the central column and are in series with the central column and the quenchable section. The quenching system is associated with the quenchable section 10 and configured to quench the quenchable section. The quench protection system is configured to detect quenches in the toroidal field coil and, in response to detection of a quench, cause the quenching system to quench the superconducting material in one or more of the quenchable sections in order to dump energy from the toroidal field coil into the one or more quenchable sections. The cooling system is configured to cool each 15 quenchable section to a temperature at which the superconducting material is superconducting. Each quenchable section has a heat capacity sufficient to cause a temperature of the quenchable section to remain below a first predetermined temperature when energy is dumped from the toroidal field coil into the quenchable section, and a resistivity sufficient to cause decay of the magnet's current quickly 20 enough that the temperature of the quenched part of the HTS section remains below a second predetermined temperature.

A toroidal field coil comprising a central column, a plurality of return limbs, a quench protection system, and a cooling system. The central column comprises IITS material. Each return limb comprises a quenchable section, two IITS sections, and a quenching 5 system. The quenchable section comprises superconducting material, and is configured to contribute towards a magnetic field of the toroidal field coil. The IITS sections comprise IITS material. The IITS sections electrically connect the quenchable section to the central column and are in series with the central column and the quenchable section. The quenching system is associated with the quenchable section 10 and configured to quench the quenchable section. The quench protection system is configured to detect quenches in the toroidal field coil and, in response to detection of a quench, cause the quenching system to quench the superconducting material in one or more of the quenchable sections in order to dump energy from the toroidal field coil into the one or more quenchable sections. The cooling system is configured to cool each 15 quenchable section to a temperature at which the superconducting material is superconducting. Each quenchable section has a heat capacity sufficient to cause a temperature of the quenchable section to remain below a first predetermined temperature when energy is dumped from the toroidal field coil into the quenchable section, and a resistivity sufficient to cause decay of the magnet's current quickly 20 enough that the temperature of the quenched part of the HTS section remains below a second predetermined temperature.

The disclosure is directed to a fusion generator that includes a spherical housing. The generator may include a plurality of coils. The plurality of coils may include a poloidal field coil and a toroidal field coil formed of a high-temperature superconducting tape or ribbon. The toroidal field coil may be tilted at an angle along a toroidal field coil axis. The generator may include a graphite-fiber or graphene wrap configured to provide rigidity to one or more portion of the generator.

Systems and methods are disclosed herein relating to fusion reactors for fusing particles via multiple periodic collisions. A fusion reactor may include a first evacuated region, such as a chamber, with a plurality of charged particles therein. A uniform magnetic field may be applied to the region to radially confine moving charged particles within the region by inducing circular trajectories. Upper and lower electrodes may be positioned on ends of the region to axially confine charged particles within the region. An energizing beam may be pulsed at a cyclotron frequency corresponding to the mass and charge of the particles to cause oscillating periodic collisions of the particles along the beam path as the particles travel in the circular trajectories with increased velocity after each pulse of the energizing beam.

Systems and methods are disclosed herein relating to fusion reactors for fusing particles via multiple periodic collisions. A fusion reactor may include a first evacuated region, such as a chamber, with a plurality of charged particles therein. A uniform magnetic field may be applied to the region to radially confine moving charged particles within the region by inducing circular trajectories. Upper and lower electrodes may be positioned on ends of the region to axially confine charged particles within the region. An energizing beam may be pulsed at a cyclotron frequency corresponding to the mass and charge of the particles to cause oscillating periodic collisions of the particles along the beam path as the particles travel in the circular trajectories with increased velocity after each pulse of the energizing beam.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

Methods, apparatuses, devices, and systems for producing and controlling and fusion activities of nuclei. Hydrogen atoms or other neutral species (neutrals) are induced to rotational motion in a confinement region as a result of ion-neutral coupling, in which ions are driven by electric and magnetic fields. The controlled fusion activities cover a spectrum of reactions including aneutronic reactions such as proton-boron-11 fusion reactions.

A connector assembly of two low temperature superconducting cable terminals and manufacturing method thereof. A connector assembly comprises a copper layer having one side which is conducted with one low temperature superconducting cable and another side which is conducted with another low temperature superconducting cable, two welding material layers, wherein each the welding material layer is provided between the copper layer and either of the two low temperature superconducting cable, and a clip mechanism covered the outer surface of either of the low temperature superconducting cable to tightly clamp the copper layer, the two welding material layers and the two low temperature superconducting cable form the inside to the outside of the connector assembly. The connector assembly of the present invention has compact structure. The saddle-shaped copper block is compressed by a clamp mechanism is use to weld with two low temperature superconducting terminals.

A connector assembly of two low temperature superconducting cable terminals and manufacturing method thereof. A connector assembly comprises a copper layer having one side which is conducted with one low temperature superconducting cable and another side which is conducted with another low temperature superconducting cable, two welding material layers, wherein each the welding material layer is provided between the copper layer and either of the two low temperature superconducting cable, and a clip mechanism covered the outer surface of either of the low temperature superconducting cable to tightly clamp the copper layer, the two welding material layers and the two low temperature superconducting cable form the inside to the outside of the connector assembly. The connector assembly of the present invention has compact structure. The saddle-shaped copper block is compressed by a clamp mechanism is use to weld with two low temperature superconducting terminals.

An apparatus for protecting an interior surface of a fusion reactor vessel. The apparatus comprises a power supply operably connected to an electrode for insertion into the vessel. The apparatus supports a solid material within the vessel, and is configured such that power supplied to the electrode within the vessel causes a plasma located in proximity to the solid material to sputter the solid material in order to deposit a protective material on said interior surface.