Embodiments of a laser system having an extremely large number of small pulsed lasers for irradiating small targets in inertial confinement fusion experiments, high energy density physics experiments, and inertial fusion power plants is more flexible than existing laser systems. Embodiments facilitate finer control of critical features of laser pulses for inertial fusion, as well as significant reduction in development costs and expansion of the community involved in the research relative to existing laser systems. Embodiments produce smooth intensity profiles at the target, large bandwidth that is over two orders of magnitude greater than existing laser systems, and fine control over laser wavelengths, focal properties, temporal pulse shape, and illumination geometry. Properties of each of the small pulsed lasers are individually selectable.

Systems and methods that facilitate non-pertubative measurements of low and null magnetic field in high temperature plasmas.

In an example, the present invention provides a high intensity pulse laser generation system. The system has a variety of elements. The system has an optical cavity maintained in a vacuum, e.g., 300 Torr and less. In an example, the optical cavity is configured to increase an intensity of a laser beam comprising a pulse from a first energy power intensity to a second higher energy power intensity propagating on a first optical path configured within the optical cavity by circulating or reciprocating at least a portion of the laser beam.

In an example, the present invention provides a high intensity pulse laser generation system. The system has a variety of elements. The system has an optical cavity maintained in a vacuum, e.g., 300 Torr and less. In an example, the optical cavity is configured to increase an intensity of a laser beam comprising a pulse from a first energy power intensity to a second higher energy power intensity propagating on a first optical path configured within the optical cavity by circulating or reciprocating at least a portion of the laser beam.

A set of optical elements for optical extraction composed of packed expanding optical cross sections to efficiently extract from a large gain region. The elements are rectangular shaped concave small expansion lenses matched to rectangular convex collimating lenses. Absorbing sheets divide an overall large volume up into smaller volumes to minimize losses due to amplified spontaneous emission. This arrangement has various applications, particularly in inertial confinement technology, where it may be used to extract energy from KrF laser media energized by electron beams. For certain applications, this regime of the gain medium may have zones at the absorbing sheets where this is no gain.

A set of optical elements for optical extraction composed of packed expanding optical cross sections to efficiently extract from a large gain region. The elements are rectangular shaped concave small expansion lenses matched to rectangular convex collimating lenses. Absorbing sheets divide an overall large volume up into smaller volumes to minimize losses due to amplified spontaneous emission. This arrangement has various applications, particularly in inertial confinement technology, where it may be used to extract energy from KrF laser media energized by electron beams. For certain applications, this regime of the gain medium may have zones at the absorbing sheets where this is no gain.

A method and a device for nuclear fusion with a hydrogen-deuterium-tritium alloy reactor are provided. The device includes: an ion generator unit configured to generate a high-frequency ion current or a high-frequency electron current; an alloy reactor unit provided with an alloy reactor, where the alloy reactor is configured to store hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium gases to produce a hydrogen-deuterium-tritium alloy reactor and to allow a nuclear fusion reaction; and an energy conversion unit configured to convert energy generated by the nuclear fusion reaction into usable energy. The nuclear fusion method adopts an alloy reactor, and the alloy reactor can allow intensive storage of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium, and can store 1,125 cubic meter of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium per cubic meter, which can greatly improve a probability of nucleus-nucleus collision to produce nuclear fusion, thereby making a nuclear fusion reaction easily and stably proceed.

A method and a device for nuclear fusion with a hydrogen-deuterium-tritium alloy reactor are provided. The device includes: an ion generator unit configured to generate a high-frequency ion current or a high-frequency electron current; an alloy reactor unit provided with an alloy reactor, where the alloy reactor is configured to store hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium gases to produce a hydrogen-deuterium-tritium alloy reactor and to allow a nuclear fusion reaction; and an energy conversion unit configured to convert energy generated by the nuclear fusion reaction into usable energy. The nuclear fusion method adopts an alloy reactor, and the alloy reactor can allow intensive storage of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium, and can store 1,125 cubic meter of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium per cubic meter, which can greatly improve a probability of nucleus-nucleus collision to produce nuclear fusion, thereby making a nuclear fusion reaction easily and stably proceed.

A superconducting magnet comprising: a field coil comprising high temperature superconducting material and having a joint; a bypass resistance comprising a non-superconducting conductive material, wherein the bypass resistance is electrically connected to the field coil on both sides of the joint; wherein the joint is openable to break the field coil such that current flowing in the superconductor flows though the bypass resistance in order to dump energy from the field coil, and wherein the superconducting magnet is configured to open the joint in response to detection of a quench in the magnet.

A superconducting magnet comprising: a field coil comprising high temperature superconducting material and having a joint; a bypass resistance comprising a non-superconducting conductive material, wherein the bypass resistance is electrically connected to the field coil on both sides of the joint; wherein the joint is openable to break the field coil such that current flowing in the superconductor flows though the bypass resistance in order to dump energy from the field coil, and wherein the superconducting magnet is configured to open the joint in response to detection of a quench in the magnet.