A method for a target image reconstruction is provided. The method includes emitting stepped frequency waveforms having different constant frequencies at different periods of time, modulating the stepped frequency waveforms into frequency ranges each having a first frequency and a second frequency, wherein each of the stepped frequency waveforms are increased from the first frequency to the second frequency based on a range function, wherein the modulated stepped frequency waveforms are arranged with some sparsity factor. The method further includes transmitting the modulated stepped frequency waveforms to a target and accepting reflection of the modulated stepped frequency waveforms reflected from the target interfering the modulated stepped frequency waveforms and the reflection of the modulated stepped frequency waveforms to produce beat signals of interferences between the modulated stepped frequency waveforms and the reflection of the modulated stepped frequency waveforms, and reconstructing an image of the target from the beat signals.

In some embodiments, systems, methods, and media for multiple reference arm spectral domain optical coherence tomography are provided which, in some embodiments, includes: a sample arm coupled to a light source; a first reference arm having a first path length; a second reference arm having a longer second path length; a first optical coupler that combines light from the sample arm and the first reference arm; a second coupler that combines light from the sample arm and the second reference arm; and an optical switch comprising: a first input port coupled to the first optical coupler; a second input coupled to the second coupler via an optical waveguide that induces a delay at least equal to an acquisition time of an image sensor; and an output coupled to the image sensor.

A system (1) for generating a signal from a surface (22) having a speed V in a direction U, comprising: a light source (2) emitting a Gaussian beam of light along a first optical path (11); a sensor (3) able to evaluate the effects of the electromagnetic interference of the first beam; an optical splitter (4) located upstream of the sensor (3), generating, from the first beam of light, a second beam of light along a second optical path (12); a focusing lens (5, 6) located on the first and/or the second optical path (11, 12), focusing the beam of light at a distance f and defining an upstream optical path (11′, 12′), and a means (7) for routing the second beam, comprising a mirror redirecting the second path such that the lengths of the first (11′) and second (12′) paths are different.

Described herein are an apparatus, system, and method for detecting light. An apparatus can include means for modulating an input beam of light wherein the input beam of light is obtained from an optical coherence tomography arrangement; means for dispersing the modulated beam of light; and means for detecting the dispersed beam of light and converting the detected beam of light into an electrical output signal. An apparatus can include a modulator configured to spatially modulate light; a dispersing element configured to disperse modulated light, and a detector configured to detect dispersed light and convert the detected light into electrical output signals. A method can include spatially modulating a beam of light, dispersing the modulated beam of light, detecting the dispersed beam of light, converting the detecting beam of light into electrical output signals, and providing a three-dimensional image of at least a part of an object.

Described herein is an optical coherence tomograph (OCT) angiography technique based on the comparison of OCT signal amplitude to provide flow information. The full OCT spectrum can be split into several narrower spectral bands, resulting in the OCT resolution cell in each band being isotropic and less susceptible to axial motion nose. Inter-B-scan flow values can be determined using the individual spectral bands separately and then averaged. Recombining the flow images from the spectral bands yields angiograms that use the full information in the entire OCT spectral range. Such images provide significant improvement of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for both flow detection and connectivity of microvascular networks compared to other techniques. Further, creation of isotropic resolution cells can be useful for quantifying flow having equal sensitivity to axial and transverse flow.

An interferometer and an imager may include a tunable light source, a beam splitter, a digital imager, and a processor system. The tunable light source may be configured to emit a beam. The beam splitter may be configured to direct the beam toward a sample with a floor surface and a raised surface feature. The digital imager may be configured to receive a reflected beam and to generate an image based on the reflected beam. The reflected beam may be a coherent addition of a first reflection of the beam off a reference plate and a second reflection of the beam off the raised surface feature and third reflection of the beam off the floor surface. The processor system may be coupled to the digital imager and may be configured to determine a distance between the reference surface and the feature surface based on the image. A second digital imager may also be configured to receive a reflected beam and scattered beam to generate a two-dimensional grayscale image of the surface based on these beams and may also be configured to receive fluorescent light generated by the incident light to generate a two-dimensional gray scale an image of the surface based on fluorescent emission.

An interferometer and an imager may include a tunable light source, a beam splitter, a digital imager, and a processor system. The tunable light source may be configured to emit a beam. The beam splitter may be configured to direct the beam toward a sample with a floor surface and a raised surface feature. The digital imager may be configured to receive a reflected beam and to generate an image based on the reflected beam. The reflected beam may be a coherent addition of a first reflection of the beam off a reference plate and a second reflection of the beam off the raised surface feature and third reflection of the beam off the floor surface. The processor system may be coupled to the digital imager and may be configured to determine a distance between the reference surface and the feature surface based on the image. A second digital imager may also be configured to receive a reflected beam and scattered beam to generate a two-dimensional grayscale image of the surface based on these beams and may also be configured to receive fluorescent light generated by the incident light to generate a two-dimensional gray scale an image of the surface based on fluorescent emission.

Multichannel optical coherence systems and methods involving optical coherence tomography (OCT) subsystems are operably and respectively connected to optical fibers of a multichannel optical probe, such that each optical fiber forms at least a distal portion of a sample beam path of a respective OCT subsystem. The optical fibers are in optical communication with distal optical elements such that external beam paths associated therewith are directed towards a common spatial region external to the housing. Image processing computer hardware is employed to process OCT signals obtained from the plurality of OCT subsystems to generate an OCT image dataset comprising a plurality of OCT A-scans and process the OCT image dataset to generate volumetric image data based on known positions and orientations of the external beam paths associated with the OCT subsystems.

A surgical image processing apparatus, including circuitry that is configured to perform image recognition on an intraoperative image of an eye. The circuitry is further configured to determine a cross-section for acquiring a tomographic image based on a result of the image recognition.

Systems, apparatus and methods that modulate the phase inside the imaging system pupil aperture with a segmented deformable mirror, spatial light modulator (SLM), or liquid deformable lens (LDL) to produce minor perturbations in the point spread function (PSF) and create un-correlated speckle patterns between B-scans.