An optical measurement device includes a light source, a first detector, and a second detector. The light source emits light to a measurement site of a patient and one or more detectors detect the light from the light source. At least a portion of a detector is translucent and the light passes through the translucent portion prior to reaching the measurement site. A detector receives the light after attenuation and/or reflection or refraction by the measurement site. A processor determines a light intensity of the light source, a light intensity through a tissue site, or a light intensity of reflected or refracted light based on light detected by the one or more detectors. The processor can estimate a concentration of an analyte at the measurement site or an absorption or reflection at the measurement site.

A light sensor arrangement according to the proposed principle comprises at least one first unshielded well (D0) and at least one second shielded well (D1) in a substrate (P). The at least one first unshielded well (D0) is being exposed to incident light () and configured to generate a first sensor signal (Ch0) as a function of the incident light (). The at least one second shielded well (D1) in the substrate (p) being shielded from the incident light () and configured to generate a second sensor signal (Ch1) as a function of the incident light (). The light sensor arrangement further comprises means for temperature compensation providing the first and second sensor signals (Ch0, Ch1) as temperature compensated sensor signals as a function of substrate temperature. Means to determine spectral content of the incident light () are provided to determine the spectral content as a function of the temperature compensated first and second sensor signals (Ch0, Ch1).

An electromagnetic (EM) energy conversion and measurement system and related methods are provided for converting a first EM energy (e.g., infrared) to a second EM energy (e.g., visible light) having at least a different wavelength or frequency than the first EM energy then using a detector to detect or measure the second EM energy. An array of conversion and detector assemblies each include a first section and a second section. Exemplary first sections can include at least one optical grade substrate formed with a first material (e.g., germanium) having a first index of refraction that refracts a first EM energy so as to change a frequency and propagation time of the first EM energy to produce a second EM energy. Exemplary second sections include an EM energy detector having an index of refraction that is the same as the first material.

A semiconductor device for measuring IR radiation is disclosed. It comprises a substrate and a cap enclosing a cavity, a sensor pixel in the cavity, comprising a first absorber for receiving said IR radiation, a first heater, first temperature measurement means for measuring a first temperature; a reference pixel in the same cavity, comprising a second absorber shielded from said IR radiation, a second heater, and second temperature measurement means for measuring a second temperature; a control circuit for applying a first/second power to the first/second heater such that the first temperature equals the second temperature; and an output circuit for generating an output signal indicative of the IR radiation based on a difference between the first and second power.

An integrated quantum random noise source includes a substrate, an optical oscillator that may be integral to the substrate coupled by an optical waveguide to an optical directional coupler. The optical directional coupler has two outputs that are coupled by optical waveguides to a pair of photodetectors that are part of a balanced photodetector. The balanced photodetector in response outputs an analog signal proportional to the difference in photocurrents of the two photodetectors. The analog output signal from the balanced photodetector is a random Gaussian-distributed signal representative of quadrature measurements on the quantum vacuum state of light. The random noise source can be coupled other apparatus to provide a source of random bits.

Embodiments relate generally to gas detector systems and method, wherein a gas detector system may comprise at least one emitter configured to emit radiation in a beam path; at least one detector configured to receive at least a portion of the emitted radiation, wherein the emitted radiation generates at least two focused spots at the at least one detector; a ring reflector configured to direct the emitted radiation around the ring reflector toward the at least one detector, wherein the ring reflector comprises at least a portion of a spheroid shape, and wherein the ring reflector is configured to allow gas to flow through at least a portion of the beam path; and a processing circuit coupled to the one or more detectors configured to processes an output from the one or more detectors.

A flame detector includes a UV sensor sensitive to solar UV radiation and a secondary sensor sensitive to non-UV radiation. A controller is operatively connected to the UV sensor and the secondary sensor to: signal an alarm in response to receiving input from the UV sensor indicative of a strong UV source and input from the secondary sensor indicative of a weak non-UV radiation source; and suppress an alarm in response to receiving a signal from the UV sensor indicative of a strong UV source and a signal from the secondary sensor indicative of a strong non-UV radiation source.

FCIS based-LEMCS designed in this invention accomplishes both of the above proficiencies of measuring the averaged pulse energy of the Pulsed Type Laser Source and calibrating the Commercial Laser Energy Meters, which are traceably to primary level standards, FCIS based-LEMCS contains an integrating sphere having a novel port and an interior design and a series of mechanical choppers having separate Duty Cycles, each of which is rotated by an electrical motor in FCIS based-LEMCS, used for generating a chopped type laser, called as Chopped Type Laser Source, in order to provide the reference and averaged pulse energy for traceable calibration of Commercial Laser Energy Meters.

An optical sensor (10) includes a first switch (SW1) and a second switch (SW2), these switches are switched between a first step and a second step and thus the coupling of light receiving portions (photodiodes) and three analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is switched. In the first step of the switch, photocurrents generated in a blue light receiving portion (BLUE), a green light receiving portion (GREEN) and a red light receiving portion (RED) are processed in real time. In the second step, photocurrents generated in an infrared light receiving portion (Ir), an environmental light receiving portion (CLEAR) and the green light receiving portion (GREEN) are processed. The photocurrents of the infrared light receiving portion (Ir) and the environmental light receiving portion (CLEAR) generated in the first step are calculated from a ratio of the two photocurrents measured in the green light receiving portion (GREEN).

Displacement measurement systems, measurement methods and EUV lithography machines for quantum meta-structure elements are disclosed, which include: an entangled state light source generator, a meta-device, a collimating lens, a polarizing beam splitter, and a computing section. Left-rotation photon and the right-rotation photon are projected to the polarizing beam splitter, and the correlation between output ports of two polarizing beam splitters is counted for reading to measure the displacement of the meta-device element. The displacement of the meta-structure element is measured in a manner that realizes the correlation between the left-rotation photons and the right-rotation photons.