Disclosed is an assay for determining resistance in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress using chemical microscopy and high-throughput single cell analysis to determine functional metabolic alteration, including determining metabolic reprogramming in a target cell or tissue to a therapy associated with cellular stress, and methods of using the assays.

An extracellular vesicle characterization and analysis device in terms of their size, phenotype, and cargo content is provided. A method performed with the device to quantify the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicle samples both in terms of size and cargo content and further quantify the purity of extracellular vesicles based on their phenotype and cargo content is further provided. The extracellular vesicle characterization and analysis device includes an atomic force microscope and confocal Raman spectrometer subsystems that will present the phenotypic characterization and cargo analysis of extracellular vesicles, respectively. By processing the topographic images obtained by atomic force microscopy with image processing methods and analyzing them, the dimensional heterogeneity of the extracellular vesicle samples can be quantified and information about their purity can be presented. The confocal Raman spectrometer applies the tip-enhanced Raman spectrum method, performs a heterogeneity quantification and provides data on the purity of the sample.

A detection substrate of surface-enhanced Raman scattering including a substrate, pillar structures, and target-analyte linking substances are provided. The pillar structures are disposed on the substrate. The pillar structure has a Raman active surface. The ratio of a maximum length of the top-view pattern of the pillar structures to a gap between the adjacent pillar structures ranges from 0.2 to 0.4. The target-analyte linking substances are disposed on the pillar structures.

The present disclosure provides compositions, methods, and systems for identifying marked hydrocarbon fluids. These compositions, methods, and systems utilize a gas chromatography marker including a non-pyrrolidinone nitrogen-containing compound. The methods and systems can identify the presence or absence of the gas chromatography marker and/or the non-pyrrolidinone nitrogen-containing compound. The compositions, methods, and systems can optionally utilize a spectroscopic marker.

The present disclosure provides compositions, methods, and systems for identifying marked hydrocarbon fluids. These compositions, methods, and systems utilize a gas chromatography marker including a non-pyrrolidinone nitrogen-containing compound. The methods and systems can identify the presence or absence of the gas chromatography marker and/or the non-pyrrolidinone nitrogen-containing compound. The compositions, methods, and systems can optionally utilize a spectroscopic marker.

The present disclosure provides a sensor substrate capable of detecting a trace amount of an analyte. This sensor substrate according to the present disclosure is a sensor substrate comprising a metal microstructure that generates surface plasmon when irradiated with excitation light. The metal microstructure is composed of a plurality of protrusions disposed in a planar shape. The plurality of the protrusions are disposed in such a manner that imaginary lines V each passing through a center between adjacent protrusions draw a honeycomb shape in a plan view. Each of the plurality of the protrusions has a substantially hexagonal shape in the plan view. A depth in a thickness direction of the sensor substrate of a gap present between the adjacent protrusions is larger than a radius of an imaginary circle inscribed in a hexagon forming the honeycomb shape.

The present disclosure provides a sensor substrate capable of detecting a trace amount of an analyte. This sensor substrate according to the present disclosure is a sensor substrate comprising a metal microstructure that generates surface plasmon when irradiated with excitation light. The metal microstructure is composed of a plurality of protrusions disposed in a planar shape. The plurality of the protrusions are disposed in such a manner that imaginary lines V each passing through a center between adjacent protrusions draw a honeycomb shape in a plan view. Each of the plurality of the protrusions has a substantially hexagonal shape in the plan view. A depth in a thickness direction of the sensor substrate of a gap present between the adjacent protrusions is larger than a radius of an imaginary circle inscribed in a hexagon forming the honeycomb shape.

A polarized Raman Spectrometric system for defining parameters of a polycrystaline material, the system comprises a polarized Raman Spectrometric apparatus, a computer-controlled sample stage for positioning a sample at different locations, and a computer comprising a processor and an associated memory. The polarized Raman Spectrometric apparatus generates signal(s) from either small sized spots at multiple locations on a sample or from an elongated line-shaped points on the sample, and the processor analyzes the signal(s) to define the parameters of said polycrystalline material.

The present invention relates to a diagnostic method for determining lung disease. The method comprises obtaining a plurality of spectra produced by spectroscopic interrogations of a plurality of cells. The method comprises determining a feature of interest from each spectrum of the plurality of spectra. The method comprises determining a distribution of the features of interest. The method comprises diagnosing a lung disease in dependence on the distribution of features of interest.

A detection device for virus detection is provided, which includes: a carrier including a recess; and a metal layer disposed in the recess and having a contact angle ranging from 0 degrees to 10 degrees, wherein a plurality of cavities are formed on a first surface of the metal layer opposite to a second surface of the metal layer facing the carrier, the plurality of cavities are arranged in an array, and a plurality of first protrusions are formed on the first surface of the metal layer and near to the plurality of cavities. In addition, a detection system for virus detection comprising the aforesaid detection device, a method for detecting viruses using the aforesaid detection device, and a method for preparing the detection device are also provided.