A system may include a resonant sensor configured to sense a physical quantity, a measurement circuit communicatively coupled to the resonant sensor and configured to measure one or more resonance parameters associated with the resonant sensor and indicative of the physical quantity using an incident/quadrature detector having an incident channel and a quadrature channel and perform a calibration of a non-ideality between the incident channel and the quadrature channel of the system, the calibration comprising determining the non-ideality by controlling the sensor signal, an oscillation signal for the incident channel, and an oscillation signal for the quadrature channel; and correcting for the non-ideality.

The present disclosure relates to a method for predicting a measured value of a measured variable of a sensor of process automation technology, includes the steps of capturing a first measured value at a first point in time; capturing a second measured value at a second, later point in time, formation of a differential value between the second and first measured values, filtering out the differential value using a filter with an infinite impulse response, and calculating a future measured value using the measured value at the second point in time, the filtered differential value, and a constant that characterizes the sensor. The present disclosure further relates to a conductivity sensor including a temperature sensor and a computer unit for executing a method.

A method for operating an inductive conductivity sensor, wherein a first electric transmitter signal having a first signal frequency is generated and supplied to the transmitter coil, a first electric receiver signal is measured at the receiver coil and a first conductivity of the medium determined from the first electric receiver and first electric transmitter signals using a first calibration model. At least one further electric transmitter signal having a different signal frequency is generated and supplied to the transmitter coil, a further electric receiver signal is measured at the receiver coil and a further conductivity of the medium determined from the further electric receiver and electric transmitter signals using another calibration model, at least one conductivity difference is determined between each of the determined conductivities of the medium and when the at least one conductivity difference exceeds a threshold conductivity difference, the conductivity difference is signaled as an error.

A method and apparatus for enhancing inductive sensor sensitivity response, controlling the signal dynamic range, and maximizing linearity. The apparatus includes an inductive sensor-based inspection apparatus with a ferromagnetic core, a transmitter coil, a receiver coil, and a magnetic bias coil. Biasing the sensor with a static and/or dynamic magnetic fields shifts the permeability value on a B-H curve of the ferromagnetic core to the region to provide a better linearity in a controllable dynamic range and stronger signal response with a higher SNR for enhancing detectability and measurability of minor changes of decaying magnetic field deep inside the metal target under inspection. Furthermore, the method includes adaptive biasing capabilities to dynamically adjust the magnetic bias level for an optimal signal response in measurement sensitivity, signal dynamic range, SNR, and linearity from the inductive transducer in the invention. A signal processing method is provided to remove the impacts from the biased magnetic field when needed.

A capsule for use in a brewing device is provided, comprising a body part, which defines a cavity and which has a flange, a lid which is attached to the flange and tea material enclosed within the capsule, characterized in that the shape of the flange is defined by two intersecting circular arcs when viewed from above. A brewing device which comprises a capsule holder for receiving the capsule is also provided, the capsule holder comprising a sidewall which is circular when viewed from above and which has an upper rim, a shelf on at least part of the inside of the sidewall, a filter and an openable and closable passage on the opposite side of the filter from the upper rim. A method of preparing a tea-based beverage in the brewing device using the capsule is also provided.

Systems and methods which use an optical sensor and an electromagnetic sensor in cooperation for detecting concentrations of one or more materials in solutions are described. In operation according to embodiments of a cooperative optical and electromagnetic sensor material concentration detector, both an optical sensor and electromagnetic sensor are used in cooperation to detect a concentration of a material having a physical feature that is otherwise incompatible with one or the other sensors and/or a material for which measurement is affected by another material present in the sample. Embodiments are, for example, configured to provide a cooperative implementation of optical and electromagnetic sensors operable to detect concentrations of metal ions and acid in a solution, such as for use in real-time material concentration detection.

Soil moisture monitoring systems and methods for measuring mutual inductance of area of influence using radio frequency stimulus are disclosed herein. An example device includes a master element stacked vertically on top of one or more slave elements. The master element and slave elements can communicate through a 1-wire bus configuration. The master element can determine the presence and location of each of the one or more slave elements using an auto-discovery process. The master element can issue commands to the one or more slave elements to obtain moisture readings and/or temperature readings.

The invention relates to a measuring device having a transmitter (1, 2, 3) for transmitting a measurement signal, a receiver (4) for receiving a response to the transmitted measurement signal, and a signal processing device (7, 8, 9; 18) for determining a measurement result from the response, the transmitter and/or the receiver having a coil (3; 4; 16), the measuring device having a calibration device for reducing an interference influence on the measurement result, characterized in that the calibration device is configured such that a current pulse can be introduced into the coil (3; 4; 16) from a current source (DC) and the signal processing device (7, 8, 9; 18) can perform a measurement value correction using the calibration signal generated by the current pulse and can determine a measurement result from the response and the measurement value correction.

The invention further relates to a measuring method.

An assembly with a secondary coil arranged on a coil carrier for a field device is described, wherein the field device comprises an electronics and an inductive interface connected to the electronics, and wherein the assembly can be used in the field device such that the field device can be connected via its interface to an inductive interface of a superordinate unit such that the secondary coil of the assembly, with a primary coil of the inductive interface of the superordinate unit, form a transformer for transmitting data and/or energy, which makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of field devices equipped with it and also contributes to increased operational safety, in that an assembly circuit formed by the secondary coil and at least one electronic component connected to the secondary coil via lines connected to it and arranged on the coil carrier is arranged on the coil carrier.

An aspect includes a vehicle that includes rail inspection sensors configured for capturing transducer data describing the rail, and a processor configured for receiving and processing the transducer data in near-real time to determine whether the captured transducer data identifies a suspected rail flaw. The processing includes inputting the captured transducer data to a machine learning system that has been trained to identify patterns in transducer data that indicate rail flaws. The processing also includes receiving an output from the machine learning system, the output indicating whether the captured transducer data identifies a suspected rail flaw. An alert is transmitted to an operator of the vehicle based at least in part on the output indicating that the captured transducer data identifies a suspected rail flaw. The alert includes a location of the suspected rail flaw and instructs the operator to stop the vehicle and to perform a repair action.