A sensor assembly includes a housing and multiple sensor array segments. A first sensor array segment includes an antenna. A second sensor array segment has a soil temperature sensor, an electrical conductivity (EC) sensor, a moisture sensor, an ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) nitrate sensor for detecting nitrates in adjacent soil, an ISFET phosphate sensor for detecting phosphates in adjacent soil, an ISFET potassium sensor for detecting potassium in adjacent soil, and an ISFET pH sensor for detecting pH in adjacent soil, and a reference electrode electrically coupled to the first sensor array segment and to the second sensor array segment. The first sensor array segment and the reference electrode can be disposed on opposite sides of the second sensor array segment.

A method for evaluating concentration of defect in silicon single crystal substrate, defect being formed by particle beam irradiation in silicon single crystal substrate, including the steps of: measuring a resistivity of silicon single crystal substrate, followed by irradiating silicon single crystal substrate with particle beam, re-measuring resistivity of silicon single crystal substrate after irradiation; determining each carrier concentration in silicon single crystal substrate before and after irradiation on basis of measured results of resistivity before and after particle beam irradiation to calculate rate of change of carrier concentration; and evaluating concentration of VV defect on basis of rate of change of carrier concentration, VV defect being made of a silicon atom vacancy and being formed by particle beam irradiation in silicon single crystal substrate. The method can simply evaluate concentration of VV defect formed in silicon single crystal substrate by particle beam irradiation.

According to one embodiment, a structural health monitoring apparatus for monitoring health of structure includes a resistance measurement unit and an evaluation unit. The resistance measurement unit measures a resistance value between one terminal and another terminal of a set of two terminals. The set of two terminals is selected from a plurality of terminals provided on the electrical paths formed in the assembled body that forms frames of the structure. The evaluation unit evaluates the health of the structure by using a difference between the resistance value between terminals of the set of two terminals and a reference resistance value between the two terminals, and outputs evaluation result information.

A method and a device for handling a closing element in a laboratory automation system are presented. The closing element is a sealing foil having at least two layers forming a first surface and an opposing second surface, respectively. The layers differ in at least one material property. The material property on at least one of the first surface and the second surface for identifying the orientation of the sealing foil is determined. A laboratory automation system for carrying out the method and/or with the device is also presented.

A method of monitoring a substance in a well can include disposing at least one optical electromagnetic sensor and at least one electromagnetic transmitter in the well, and inducing strain in the sensor, the strain being indicative of an electromagnetic parameter of the substance in an annulus between a casing and a wellbore of the well. A system for monitoring a substance in a well can include at least one electromagnetic transmitter, and at least one optical electromagnetic sensor with an optical waveguide extending along a wellbore to a remote location, the sensor being positioned external to a casing in the wellbore.

This tire electrical resistance measurement device is provided with an inner circumferential-side probe and an outer circumferential-side probe. The inner circumferential-side probe is disposed on the inner circumferential side of a tire and is capable of coming into contact with the inner circumference of the tire. The outer circumferential-side probe is disposed on the outer circumferential side of the tire and is capable of coming into contact with a tread portion of the tire by moving relative to the tire in a radial direction of the tire. The outer circumferential-side probe extends in the width direction of the tire and is deformable in the radial direction so as to follow a protrusion-recess shape of the tread portion in the width direction. The outer circumferential-side probe is electrically conductive at least at a contact surface that comes into contact with the tread portion.

The present disclosure provides a sensor system including one or more sensors having a first container fluidly coupled to a second container, the second container being configured to receive a conductive media from the first container. A first movable element is slidingly engaged with the first container to cause the second container to receive the conductive media from the first container. A first electrode is positioned in the first cavity and electrically coupled to the conductive media. In some examples, a second electrode is electrically coupled to the first electrode and the conductive media. The sensor deposits the conductive media on a working electrode to form an electrochemical cell and obtain one or more material properties of the working electrode. In some examples, the sensor system includes an array of sensors which deposit the conducive media in multiple locations on a working electrode to generate a material property map.

An optical element, an optical element monitoring system, and a method, monitor in real time whether an optical element such as a diffractive optical element or a diffuser in an active light emitting module is damaged or falls off, and turn off a laser when the optical element is damaged or falls off.

Assessing material strength for additive manufacturing is provided. The method comprises calibrating a baseline electrical resistivity of a multi-phase additive material for a set dislocation density as a function of phase fraction and phase composition, wherein individual phases of the material have different electrical resistivity values. After the additive material has undergone a number of heating and cooling cycles during additive manufacturing the additive material is characterized for phase fraction, phase composition, and electrical resistivity. Dislocation density of the additive material is then determined according to electrical resistivity after additive manufacturing, accounting for effects of phase fraction and phase composition determined by characterization.

There is provided a method for determining a quality of an abrasive surface preparation of a composite surface, prior to the composite surface undergoing a post-processing operation. The method includes fabricating levels of abrasive surface preparation standards for a reference composite surface; using a surface analysis tool in the form of an ohm meter, to create target values for quantifying the levels; and measuring, with the surface analysis tool, one or more abrasive surface preparation locations on the composite surface of a test composite structure, to measure one or more of, electrical resistance and surface resistivity, of the composite surface, to obtain test result measurement(s). The method further includes comparing the test result measurement(s) to the levels, to obtain test result level(s); determining if the test result level(s) meet the target value(s); and determining whether the composite surface is acceptable to proceed with the post-processing operation.