The present disclosure includes to a sensor element including a membrane having a first functionalized region and a second functionalized region and including a sensor element body on which the membrane rests. The sensor element body has at least one electrically conductive first conductor and an electrically conductive second conductor electrically insulated from the first conductor. The first conductor is electrically and/or electrolytically conductively connected to the first functionalized region of the membrane, and the second conductor is electrically and/or electrolytically conductively connected to the second functionalized region of the membrane. In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for fabricating such a sensor element is disclosed.

An electrochemical cell that includes a working electrode, which comprises of is made of gold, with gold-coated carbon nanotubes secured thereon via a conductive binder, wherein the electrochemical cell is utilized to detect the presence of bisphenol-A, or to determine a concentration of bisphenol-A in a solution. Various embodiments of the electrochemical cell, a method of producing the electrochemical cell, and a method of using the electrochemical cell for determining a concentration of bisphenol-A in a solution are also provided.

A solid state gel for use in a pH sensor comprises a reaction product of water, a buffer system for adjusting pH of the gel when in a liquid state, polyethylene glycol or its derivatives as a gelling agent and a salt wherein the water, the buffer, the polyethylene glycol and a reference electrolyte salt when mixed while in a liquid state form a mixture that was subjected to Gamma irradiation to form the reaction product.

Disclosed are methods and devices for biomolecular detection, comprising a nanopipette, exemplified as a hollow inert, non-biological structure with a conical tip opening of nanoscale dimensions, suitable for holding an electrolyte solution which may contain an analyte such as a protein biomolecule to be detected as it is passed through the tip opening. Biomolecules are detected by specific reaction with peptide ligands chemically immobilized in the vicinity of the tip. Analytes which bind to the ligands cause a detectible change in ionic current. A sensitive detection circuit, using a feedback amplifier circuit, and alternating voltages is further disclosed. Detection of IL-10 at a concentration of 4 ng/ml is also disclosed, as is detection of VEGF.

A smart sensor system is provided which uses a monitoring electrode to produce a calibration output that can be used in-situ and in real-time to monitor and address reference electrode drift and to provide information regarding sensor operation. The monitoring electrode uses a redox chemistry that is either a non-active redox species that is not sensitive to changes in a solution being tested/monitored or a redox active species that sets a pH of the local environment proximal to the electrode when the electrode is contacted with a test and/or reference solution. The smart sensor system includes at least one of a solid-state electrochemical sensor; a glass electrode, a reduction oxidation sensor; and/or a glucose sensor and/or a sensor to monitor constituent parts of the solution composition.

A system for detecting the presence of microorganisms present in a sample includes an enclosure having a closed internal space bounded by a receptacle and a lid configured to be affixed to the receptacle to close the enclosure hermetically, an electronic unit for acquiring pH-measurement data integrated into the enclosure, a heating unit integrated into the enclosure for heating the internal space, a unit for measuring and managing temperature having a temperature-measuring probe placed inside the enclosure, and a processing unit connected to the electronic unit and configured to process measurement data. The processing unit includes a module for detecting the presence of microorganisms via analysis of variation in the pH measured in a liquid sample, and an instrumented container housed in the internal space of the receptacle for receiving the sample. The container includes reference and pH-measuring electrodes that are integrated into walls of the container.

An SO.sub.x sensor includes a lithium garnet electrolyte, a sensing electrode, a reference electrode, and a heating element. The sensing electrode includes Li.sub.2SO.sub.4 and at least one metal oxide or second metal sulfate. One surface of the sensing electrode is disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the lithium garnet electrolyte. A current collector is disposed on at least a portion another surface of the sensing electrode to electrically couple the sensing electrode to the reference electrode via a potentiometer. The reference electrode is disposed on the lithium garnet electrolyte. The heating element is capable of heating the sensing electrode and the lithium garnet electrolyte to a temperature sufficient to achieve a sensor response time of less than about 30 minutes.

An electrochemical sensor for potentiometric measurements in a measurement medium has a sensor head (201) at an end of a longitudinal sensor body (203). A sensing electrode (210) and a reference electrode (220) are disposed within the longitudinal sensor body. A liquid junction (223) is established between the reference electrode and the sensing electrode. The sensor is characterized by a protective outer shaft (250) into which a polymeric tube-like structure (230) is disposed, electrically isolating the protective outer shaft from a reference electrolyte.

A potentiometric sensor that includes a housing and working electrode is provided. The housing includes a reference electrode, a first hydrogel containing hydrogel that contains a reference solution, and a salt bridge. The sensor is wearable and can be used for continuous on-body sweat measurements.

An electrochemical cell that includes a working electrode, which comprises of is made of gold, with gold-coated carbon nanotubes secured thereon via a conductive binder, wherein the electrochemical cell is utilized to detect the presence of bisphenol-A, or to determine a concentration of bisphenol-A in a solution. Various embodiments of the electrochemical cell, a method of producing the electrochemical cell, and a method of using the electrochemical cell for determining a concentration of bisphenol-A in a solution are also provided.