A liquid sample analyzing system including an ion analyzer having a first ion source receiving a target sample and a second ion source receiving a reference sample; a liquid sample introduction mechanism 3 including a passage-switching section introducing reference samples into the second ion source; and a controller for repeatedly performing a series of steps in the ion analyzer, the steps including: a pre-measurement step for initiating a measurement; a measurement step for introducing a target sample into the first ion source and performing a measurement on an ion originating from the target sample along with an ion originating from a reference sample introduced into the second ion source by the liquid sample introduction mechanism; and a post-measurement step where the liquid sample introduction mechanism operates concurrently with the predetermined post-measurement step to switch the passage-switching section to a passage having a reference sample for the next analysis.

Embodiments disclosed herein are directed to gaseous mercury detection systems, calibration systems, and related methods. The gaseous mercury detection systems are configured to detect gas-phase mercury-compounds present in ambient air. For example, the gaseous mercury detection systems collect gas-phase mercury-compounds from ambient air and release the gas-phase mercury-compounds at concentrations capable of being measured by a gas-chromatography mass spectrometer without heating the gas-phase mercury-compounds above a decomposition temperature of at least one gaseous mercury compound that may present in the mercury-containing gas. The calibration systems are configured to determine an accuracy of or calibrate a gaseous mercury detection system. The disclosed calibration systems may be integrated with or distinct from the gaseous mercury detection systems disclosed herein.

An analysis method is provided, wherein a measurement sample containing a diamine and an acid dianhydride can be obtained without a separate methyl derivatization process. The analysis method includes pretreating a polyimide film including the polyimide which is a poorly soluble polymer with DMAc after hydrolysis, and determining an amount of monomers contained in the polyimide film.

There are provided techniques, including methods and systems, for chromatographically analyzing a test sample. The techniques include obtaining a sample chromatogram of the test sample with a chromatography system, the chromatography system including a detector having an adjustable response factor. The techniques also include adjusting, while obtaining the sample chromatogram, the response factor of the detector based on a compensation signal for compensating expected chromatographic artefacts to obtain an artefact-compensated sample chromatogram. The disclosed techniques allow compensating for chromatographic artefacts, which include baseline drift(s) and/or peak tailing(s), during acquisition of chromatograms.

To analytically determine concentration of dissolved gases in a water pipeline, a water sample is drawn from a source carrying water with dissolved gas, through a water source port of a four-way valve. The water sample is flowed from the water source port towards a syringe port of the valve and into a syringe fluidically coupled to the syringe port to hold the water sample. Inert gas is drawn through an inert gas port of the valve from an inert gas source and is flowed from the inert gas port towards the syringe port and into the syringe. A mixture of the water sample and the inert gas is flowed from the syringe port towards an analyzer port of the valve and into an analyzer fluidically coupled to the analyzer port.

Methods are provided for making rapid labeled dextran ladders and other calibrants useful in liquid chromatography. The methodologies include a two-step process comprising a reductive amination step of providing a reducing glycan and reacting it with a compound having a primary amine to produce an intermediate compound. The intermediate compound is then rapidly tagged with a rapid tagging reagent to produce the rapid labeled dextran ladder.

A method for detecting or determining an amount of one or more serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and SNRI metabolites in a sample by tandem mass spectrometry includes subjecting the sample to ionization under conditions suitable to produce one or more ions detectable by mass spectrometry; determining the amount of one or more ions by tandem mass spectrometry; and determining the amount of SNRI and SNRI metabolites in the sample based upon the amount of the one or more ions determined by tandem mass spectrometry; and wherein the one or more SNRI and SNRI metabolites includes duloxetine.

An information processing device includes: a receiver that compares a serial input signal to a threshold value and outputs reception data; an extraction circuit that extracts a clock superimposed on the reception data from the reception data; a measurement circuit that measures a pulse width of the reception data based on the clock; a counter that measures an elongation and a shortening of the pulse width; and an adjustment circuit that increases the threshold value when the elongation of the pulse width is larger than a reference value, and reduces the threshold value when the shortening of the pulse width is larger than the reference value.

A Gas Chromatograph (GC) detector comprises a first circuit, a second circuit, a digital subtractor and a digital logic shared between one to many detector channels to provide a GC measurement in a digital form. The first circuit includes a first counter circuitry to provide a first counter output. The second circuit includes a second counter circuitry to provide a second counter output. The GC detector includes a digital subtractor to subtract the first counter output from the second counter output and provide a digital subtractor output. The GC detector further includes a digital logic shared between one to many detector channels to implement at least a portion of the first counter circuitry and the second counter circuitry. The digital logic to receive the digital subtractor output and provides the GC measurement in the digital form. The GC detector may be based on a Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) in which an integrator of a Sigma-Delta (-) A/D converter is eliminated and the/factor of the Sigma-Delta (-) A/D converter is accomplished in a digital form.

To increase the difference between the thermal conductivity of the carrier gas and the thermal conductivity of each component of the sample gas. The analysis method is an analysis method that performs analysis using a gas chromatograph including a thermal conductivity detector. The analysis method includes introducing a carrier gas and a sample gas into a separation column, introducing the sample gas separated in the separation column into a gas introduction chamber including an element having an electrical characteristic changed by temperature, detecting a change in the electrical characteristic of the element due to the sample gas being introduced, and switching the carrier gas from a first carrier gas to a second carrier gas that is a different type from the first carrier gas, while a component of the sample gas is passing through the separation column