Systems and methods are disclosed to determine that a cannabis plant has been cultivated under desired cultivation conditions. Quantitative processes are disclosed, based on stable carbon isotope ratio analysis, and using modeling constraints and Bayesian approaches to produce a likelihood that a cannabis plant was cultivated under desired conditions (e.g., indoors), and provide a quantitative estimate of the average CO.sub.2 concentration in the growth environment.

A method for determining the total organic carbon in a sample which includes mixing the sample with a reagent containing at least one acid effective for reacting with inorganic carbon-containing materials in the sample, and at least one oxidizing agent effective for oxidizing organic carbon-containing materials in the sample in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, and detecting the carbon dioxide generated, is described. The at least one acid may include phosphoric acid, while the oxidizing agent may include sodium persulfate. In accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept, the sample is first injected into a reaction chamber, which is continuously flushed with carbon dioxide free gas with no UV light present, and CO.sub.2 generated from any inorganic carbon in the sample as carbonates is flowed through the detector, and may be recorded. Subsequent to this step, the UV light is passed through the reaction chamber and CO.sub.2 generated from the reaction of the at least one oxidizing agent with the organic material in the solution in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, is flowed through the detector, which may be a non-dispersive infrared detector, after the reaction chamber is sparged using a carbon dioxide free gas, and recorded.

This invention relates generally to a system and process for early detection of biological ammonia oxidation in water utilizing a fluorescence-based sensor and process. Various embodiments are configured to read increases in a fluorescence excitation-emission wavelength pair that is responsive to a period of time (days to weeks or even longer) prior to the onset of biological ammonia oxidation, which is considered to be a nitrification event. Fluorescence excitation/emission pairs that have proven to be reliable include a fluorescence excitation wavelength of about 230 nm and an emission wavelength of about 345 nm and an excitation wavelength of 325 and an emission wavelength of 470. The system and process enable drinking water utilities to improve management of its distribution systems and facilitate earlier corrective actions, resulting is less loss of treated water through flushing and other tangible benefits.

A water quality analyzer includes a combustion tube (2) for burning a liquid sample inside, a sample injector (6; 8) that executes sample injection operation into the combustion tube (2), a pressure sensor (28) that detects pressure inside the combustion tube (2), a temperature sensor (38) that detects a temperature of the combustion tube (2), and a determination part (46) configured to determine whether the combustion tube (2) and/or the sample injector (6; 8) is normal or abnormal based on an output of the pressure sensor (28) and an output of the temperature sensor (38) immediately after the sample injection operation by the sample injector (6; 8) is executed.

Measurement arrangement for determining a constituent substance or quality parameter of water by thermal decomposition in a reaction module, delivery of the reaction product to a detector in a carrier gas flow, and evaluation of a detector signal for deriving a value of the constituent substance or quality parameter, wherein the reaction module is a vessel of vertical orientation during operation having an internal resistance heating or infrared heating, and has a head section into which the sample is introduced, a reaction zone, where the thermal decomposition is performed, as well as a foot section, from which the reaction product is output in the carrier gas flow, wherein the head section of the reaction module has an injection port for temporarily introducing an injection needle or permanently supporting a small supply tube, which injection port comprises an O-ring which is internally spring-loaded by a silicon padding or an inserted spring.

The present invention relates generally to the generation of steam via the use of a combustion process to produce heat and, in one embodiment, to a device, system and/or method that enables one to control one or more process parameters of a combustion process so as to yield at least one desirable change in at least one downstream parameter. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a system and/or method for controlling at least one process parameter of a combustion process so as to yield at least one desirable change in at least one downstream process parameter associated with one or more of a wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) unit, a particulate collection device and/or control of additives thereto and/or a nitrogen oxide control device and/or control of additives thereto and/or additives to the system.

Devices, methods, and systems employing a multivariate optical computing sensor comprising a multivariate optical element calibrated to independently measure an electromagnetic spectral pattern of a cultivation characteristic of an algae stain in a cultivating algae water slurry and a detector for receiving output signals indicative of the cultivation characteristic. The cultivation characteristic may include, for example, total organic carbon, total carbohydrate, or fatty acid methyl esters.

A sample analysis appliance for the analysis of a sample solution, in particular of contaminated water or of waste water, with a reaction vessel for the thermal digestion of a portioned sample of the sample solution to be analyzed. The reaction vessel has an injection port for the introduction of the sample into the reaction vessel, at least one sample solution storage vessel for the device-internal storage of sample solution, and an injection syringe device which is movable between the sample solution storage vessel and the reaction vessel and which can be controlled to collect the sample from the sample solution storage vessel and introduce the sample into the injection port of the reaction vessel. At least one first and one second sample solution storage vessel are provided, and the second sample solution storage vessel is designed for the production and storage of diluted sample solution, and the injection syringe device is designed to introduce sample solution, collected from the first sample solution storage vessel, optionally into the second sample solution storage vessel for producing the diluted sample solution.

A method and system of providing ultrapure water for semiconductor fabrication operations is provided. The water is treated by utilizing a free radical scavenging system. The free radical scavenging system can utilize actinic radiation with a free radical precursor compound, such as ammonium persulfate. The ultrapure water may be further treated by utilizing ion exchange media and degasification apparatus. A control system can be utilized to regulate a continuously variable intensity of the actinic radiation.

A TOC analyzer for determining a carbon content of a sample includes: a processing unit for removing carbon dioxide gas from the carrier gas before the oxidation of the sample, wherein the processing unit has a binder for binding the carbon dioxide gas from the carrier gas, wherein a defined water content is provided within the binder, wherein the processing unit is configured for moistening the binder by means of water vapor contained in the carrier gas; a condensation unit for condensing the water vapor resulting from the vaporization and/or oxidation of the sample to form a condensate, wherein the condensation unit has an outlet for the condensate toward a moistening unit; and the moistening unit for moistening the carrier gas by means of the condensate. A method for moistening a binder using such a TOC analyzer is further disclosed.