An internal oxidation starting temperature, estimation device estimates an internal oxidation starting temperature which is a minimum temperature required for an internal oxide layer to grow on a surface of an easily oxidizable element-containing hot-rolled steel sheet including Si, Mn, or Al or any combination thereof. The internal oxidation starting temperature estimation device includes an internal, oxidation starting temperature estimation unit that estimates the internal oxidation starting temperature on the basis of concentrations of the Si, the Mn, and the Al included in the easily oxidizable element-containing hot-rolled steel sheet.

An internal oxidation starting temperature, estimation device estimates an internal oxidation starting temperature which is a minimum temperature required for an internal oxide layer to grow on a surface of an easily oxidizable element-containing hot-rolled steel sheet including Si, Mn, or Al or any combination thereof. The internal oxidation starting temperature estimation device includes an internal, oxidation starting temperature estimation unit that estimates the internal oxidation starting temperature on the basis of concentrations of the Si, the Mn, and the Al included in the easily oxidizable element-containing hot-rolled steel sheet.

A method for electromagnetic and real-time measurement of a percentage of austenite contained in a steel strip in continuous motion during in-line manufacture or transformation thereof, by a device including the steel strip and a measuring device including at least: an alternating-current generator; a first coil supplied by the alternating-current generator, called a transmitting coil, and a second coil, called a receiving coil, the first and second coils being arranged parallel to each other or coaxial and on both sides of the steel strip, a distance between the coils being fixed and between 10 and 200 mm; a core of ferromagnetic material being a center of each coil, respectively; and at least one voltage-measuring device connected to terminals of the receiving coil, being a multimeter or an electronic acquisition system having an analog-digital converter coupled to a computer, to obtain the percentage of austenite contained in the steel strip.

A method for electromagnetic and real-time measurement of a percentage of austenite contained in a steel strip in continuous motion during in-line manufacture or transformation thereof, by a device including the steel strip and a measuring device including at least: an alternating-current generator; a first coil supplied by the alternating-current generator, called a transmitting coil, and a second coil, called a receiving coil, the first and second coils being arranged parallel to each other or coaxial and on both sides of the steel strip, a distance between the coils being fixed and between 10 and 200 mm; a core of ferromagnetic material being a center of each coil, respectively; and at least one voltage-measuring device connected to terminals of the receiving coil, being a multimeter or an electronic acquisition system having an analog-digital converter coupled to a computer, to obtain the percentage of austenite contained in the steel strip.

A wellbore is plugged using a bismuth alloy. The wellbore is arranged so that a liquid bismuth alloy sets with an excess pressure of the plug relative to the borehole fluid pressure along a desired seal height distance.

A wellbore is plugged using a bismuth alloy. The wellbore is arranged so that a liquid bismuth alloy sets with an excess pressure of the plug relative to the borehole fluid pressure along a desired seal height distance.

A wellbore is plugged using a bismuth alloy. In one embodiment, the bismuth alloy comprises an alloy of bismuth and tin. In another embodiment, the bismuth alloy comprises an alloy of bismuth and silver. The wellbore can be arranged so that a liquid bismuth alloy sets with an excess pressure of the plug relative to the borehole fluid pressure along a desired seal height distance. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A wellbore is plugged using a bismuth alloy. In one embodiment, the bismuth alloy comprises an alloy of bismuth and tin. In another embodiment, the bismuth alloy comprises an alloy of bismuth and silver. The wellbore can be arranged so that a liquid bismuth alloy sets with an excess pressure of the plug relative to the borehole fluid pressure along a desired seal height distance. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A system and method for evaluating soil characteristics. The system and method includes providing one or more soil test kits to a user. The soil tests kits may include ion-exchange resins and may instruct the user to collect a soil sample from his/her growing area, to combine the soil sample with the ion-exchange resins, and to provide the combination to the system for analysis. Other test kits may not include ion-exchange resins and may instruct the user to provide a soil sample from his/her growing area to the system for analysis. The system evaluates the ion-exchange resins and/or the soil samples to identify nutrient levels, pH levels, and other characteristics of the soil. Using the evaluation results, the system provides feedback, recommendations and/or products to the user to improve the soil conditions and to ensure a successful crop, yield, quality, and nutrient density. The system and method also may include providing a second soil test kit to the user at a predetermined time after the first, to evaluate a second soil sample, and to compare the second evaluation results with the first to assess the improvement of the soil conditions.

A system and method for evaluating soil characteristics. The system and method includes providing one or more soil test kits to a user. The soil tests kits may include ion-exchange resins and may instruct the user to collect a soil sample from his/her growing area, to combine the soil sample with the ion-exchange resins, and to provide the combination to the system for analysis. Other test kits may not include ion-exchange resins and may instruct the user to provide a soil sample from his/her growing area to the system for analysis. The system evaluates the ion-exchange resins and/or the soil samples to identify nutrient levels, pH levels, and other characteristics of the soil. Using the evaluation results, the system provides feedback, recommendations and/or products to the user to improve the soil conditions and to ensure a successful crop, yield, quality, and nutrient density. The system and method also may include providing a second soil test kit to the user at a predetermined time after the first, to evaluate a second soil sample, and to compare the second evaluation results with the first to assess the improvement of the soil conditions.