The present invention provides a highspeed advanced system to identify and classify the area of anomalies in a railroad rail. This is achieved by using a novel linear array solution that employs parallel transmission of an ultrasonic beam and the use of a virtual synthetic aperture to receive reflected echoes. This integrated system has the capability to locate and classify near surface horizontal defects at speeds more than 40 km/h and at the same time maintaining a constant pulse density of at least 4 mm or less per incremental longitudinal movement.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a magnetic sensor includes a first sensor part. The first sensor part includes a first magnetic member, a first counter magnetic member, and a first magnetic element. A direction from the first magnetic member to the first counter magnetic member is along a first direction. The first magnetic element includes one or a plurality of first extending portions. A first portion of the first extending portion overlaps the first magnetic member in a second direction crossing the first direction. A first counter portion of the first extending portion overlaps the first counter magnetic member in the second direction. A first direction length along the first direction of the first extending portion is longer than a third direction length along a third direction of the first extending portion. The third direction crosses a plane including the first direction and the second direction.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a magnetic sensor includes a first sensor part. The first sensor part includes a first magnetic member, a first counter magnetic member, and a first magnetic element. A direction from the first magnetic member to the first counter magnetic member is along a first direction. The first magnetic element includes one or a plurality of first extending portions. A first portion of the first extending portion overlaps the first magnetic member in a second direction crossing the first direction. A first counter portion of the first extending portion overlaps the first counter magnetic member in the second direction. A first direction length along the first direction of the first extending portion is longer than a third direction length along a third direction of the first extending portion. The third direction crosses a plane including the first direction and the second direction.

The present invention discloses a quantitative evaluation method for sensitivity of welding transverse cold cracks in a typical joint of a jacket, including following steps: S1, performing macroscopic analysis, metallographic analysis, fracture analysis and hardness analysis on cracks of a failed component to obtain main causes of cold crack failure; and S2, designing and processing a dedicated sample, and performing rigid restraint crack tests on the dedicated sample at different preheating temperatures to obtain a cracking/non-cracking critical restraint stress σ1cr of the sample. According to the method, a rigid restraint crack test is applied to evaluation of sensitivity of welding transverse cracks, so that external restraint conditions borne by a welding joint can be accurately simulated, a stress state of the welding joint in an actual working condition can be truly reflected, the overall evaluation precision is greatly improved, and a foundation is laid for accurately evaluating sensitivity of welding cold cracks in a tube joint. Furthermore, a welding technology (base material, welding material, welding process and restraint level) is designed to restrain cold cracks from cracking, and the method has important theoretical significance and engineering value.

The present invention discloses a quantitative evaluation method for sensitivity of welding transverse cold cracks in a typical joint of a jacket, including following steps: S1, performing macroscopic analysis, metallographic analysis, fracture analysis and hardness analysis on cracks of a failed component to obtain main causes of cold crack failure; and S2, designing and processing a dedicated sample, and performing rigid restraint crack tests on the dedicated sample at different preheating temperatures to obtain a cracking/non-cracking critical restraint stress σ1cr of the sample. According to the method, a rigid restraint crack test is applied to evaluation of sensitivity of welding transverse cracks, so that external restraint conditions borne by a welding joint can be accurately simulated, a stress state of the welding joint in an actual working condition can be truly reflected, the overall evaluation precision is greatly improved, and a foundation is laid for accurately evaluating sensitivity of welding cold cracks in a tube joint. Furthermore, a welding technology (base material, welding material, welding process and restraint level) is designed to restrain cold cracks from cracking, and the method has important theoretical significance and engineering value.

The present technology relates to a method of inspecting a welding defect. The method includes: manufacturing an electrode assembly sample by welding an electrode lead on an electrode tab formed on an electrode assembly; measuring a tensile strength, a torsional strength and a peeling strength of a welded portion between the electrode tab and the electrode lead for the electrode assembly sample; deriving correlation between whether there is a welding defect and each of the tensile strength, the torsional strength, and the peeling strength; and deriving a reference value for determining whether there is a welding defect for the tensile strength, the torsional strength, and the peeling strength, respectively.

The present technology relates to a method of inspecting a welding defect. The method includes: manufacturing an electrode assembly sample by welding an electrode lead on an electrode tab formed on an electrode assembly; measuring a tensile strength, a torsional strength and a peeling strength of a welded portion between the electrode tab and the electrode lead for the electrode assembly sample; deriving correlation between whether there is a welding defect and each of the tensile strength, the torsional strength, and the peeling strength; and deriving a reference value for determining whether there is a welding defect for the tensile strength, the torsional strength, and the peeling strength, respectively.

A deterioration evaluation method includes a determination step of determining a shot peening condition for imparting a maximum residual stress to an object formed of a metal material; a first shot peening step of performing first shot peening on the object under the shot peening condition; a first measurement step of measuring a first residual stress of the object after the first shot peening step; a second shot peening step of performing second shot peening on the object after the first measurement step under the shot peening condition; a second measurement step of measuring a second residual stress of the object after the second shot peening step; and an evaluation step of evaluating deterioration of the object based on the first residual stress and the second residual stress.

A deterioration evaluation method includes a determination step of determining a shot peening condition for imparting a maximum residual stress to an object formed of a metal material; a first shot peening step of performing first shot peening on the object under the shot peening condition; a first measurement step of measuring a first residual stress of the object after the first shot peening step; a second shot peening step of performing second shot peening on the object after the first measurement step under the shot peening condition; a second measurement step of measuring a second residual stress of the object after the second shot peening step; and an evaluation step of evaluating deterioration of the object based on the first residual stress and the second residual stress.

A method of non-destructive detection of surface and near surface abnormalities in a metallic product. The method comprises positioning a sample having a surface under a source of an incident radiation. The surface of the sample is then irradiated with the incident radiation from the source. A scattered radiation is detected and a radiation pattern from the detected scattered radiation is produced. Said radiation pattern is then analysed and the output indicative of the scattered radiation from the sample is produced. Said produced output is then compared with a threshold value, the threshold value indicative of a maximum acceptable detected surface abnormality. Finally, the presence of a surface abnormality is identified when the output exceeds the threshold value.