A needle-shaped body protrudes from a cantilever made of Si. Furthermore, the rear face of the cantilever is coated with aluminum (first metal) having a Fermi level higher than that of Si. The cantilever is dipped into an aqueous silver nitride solution containing the ions of Ag serving as a second metal. The electrons of Si flow out to the aqueous silver nitride solution due to the existence of the aluminum, and Ag nanostructures are precipitated at the tip end of the needle-shaped body. A probe for tip-enhanced Raman scattering in which the Ag nanostructures are fixed to the tip end of the needle-shaped body is manufactured. The sizes and shapes of the Ag nanostructures can be controlled properly by adjusting the concentration of the aqueous silver nitride solution and the time during which the cantilever is dipped into the aqueous silver nitride solution.

A needle-shaped body protrudes from a cantilever made of Si. Furthermore, the rear face of the cantilever is coated with aluminum (first metal) having a Fermi level higher than that of Si. The cantilever is dipped into an aqueous silver nitride solution containing the ions of Ag serving as a second metal. The electrons of Si flow out to the aqueous silver nitride solution due to the existence of the aluminum, and Ag nanostructures are precipitated at the tip end of the needle-shaped body. A probe for tip-enhanced Raman scattering in which the Ag nanostructures are fixed to the tip end of the needle-shaped body is manufactured. The sizes and shapes of the Ag nanostructures can be controlled properly by adjusting the concentration of the aqueous silver nitride solution and the time during which the cantilever is dipped into the aqueous silver nitride solution.

Provided herein are methods of using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the adhesion force between a cell surface target and a ligand (e.g., an antibody) that binds to the cell surface target. Such adhesion force serves as an in vitro metric for predicting the in vivo tumor recognition and/or anti-tumor efficacy of antibody-directed nanomedicine.

Provided herein are methods of using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the adhesion force between a cell surface target and a ligand (e.g., an antibody) that binds to the cell surface target. Such adhesion force serves as an in vitro metric for predicting the in vivo tumor recognition and/or anti-tumor efficacy of antibody-directed nanomedicine.

The present disclosure discloses a method for detecting electrical characteristics of individual soot nanoparticles, wherein the electrical characteristics comprise conductance and work function. The conductance of individual soot nanoparticles is measured by a PF-TUNA mode of an atomic force microscope, and the work function of soot nanoparticles is measured by a KPFM mode of the atomic force microscope. The method mainly comprises steps of preparing a gold film substrate, sampling soot nanoparticles, measuring the conductance of individual soot nanoparticles, and measuring the work function of soot nanoparticles. The detection method of the present disclosure reduces the influence on the inherent characteristics of soot nanoparticles.

The present disclosure discloses a method for detecting electrical characteristics of individual soot nanoparticles, wherein the electrical characteristics comprise conductance and work function. The conductance of individual soot nanoparticles is measured by a PF-TUNA mode of an atomic force microscope, and the work function of soot nanoparticles is measured by a KPFM mode of the atomic force microscope. The method mainly comprises steps of preparing a gold film substrate, sampling soot nanoparticles, measuring the conductance of individual soot nanoparticles, and measuring the work function of soot nanoparticles. The detection method of the present disclosure reduces the influence on the inherent characteristics of soot nanoparticles.

A method comprises using an atomic-force microscope, acquiring a set of images associated with surfaces, and, using a machine-learning algorithm applied to the images, classifying the surfaces. As a particular example, the classification can be done in a way that relies on surface parameters derived from the images rather than using the images directly.

The presently disclosed subject matter provides systems and methods for generating nanostructures from tribological films. A probe tip can be immersed in a liquid mixture comprising a plurality of ink particles suspended in a medium. A substrate on which the tribological film is to be generated can also be immersed in the liquid mixture. A processor controlling movement of the probe tip can be configured to cause the probe tip to slide along the substrate in a shape of a desired pattern of the nanostructure with a contact force to cause one or more ink particles of the plurality of ink particles compressed underneath the probe tip to be transformed into a tribological film onto the substrate in the shape of the desired pattern of the nanostructure.

The presently disclosed subject matter provides systems and methods for generating nanostructures from tribological films. A probe tip can be immersed in a liquid mixture comprising a plurality of ink particles suspended in a medium. A substrate on which the tribological film is to be generated can also be immersed in the liquid mixture. A processor controlling movement of the probe tip can be configured to cause the probe tip to slide along the substrate in a shape of a desired pattern of the nanostructure with a contact force to cause one or more ink particles of the plurality of ink particles compressed underneath the probe tip to be transformed into a tribological film onto the substrate in the shape of the desired pattern of the nanostructure.

The present disclosure discloses a method for detecting electrical characteristics of individual soot nanoparticles, wherein the electrical characteristics comprise conductance and work function. The conductance of individual soot nanoparticles is measured by a PF-TUNA mode of an atomic force microscope, and the work function of soot nanoparticles is measured by a KPFM mode of the atomic force microscope. The method mainly comprises steps of preparing a gold film substrate, sampling soot nanoparticles, measuring the conductance of individual soot nanoparticles, and measuring the work function of soot nanoparticles. The detection method of the present disclosure reduces the influence on the inherent characteristics of soot nanoparticles.