A circuit arrangement (20) having an active measuring voltage (U.sub.G) for determining an insulation resistance (R.sub.F) or a complex-valued insulation impedance (Z.sub.F) of an ungrounded power supply system (12) against ground potential (PE), the circuit arrangement (20) having a measuring path (24) which runs between an active conductor (L1, L2) of the power supply system (12) and the ground potential (PE) and includes a measuring-voltage generator (V.sub.G) for generating the measuring voltage (U.sub.G), a measuring resistance (R.sub.M) for capturing a measured voltage (U.sub.M) and a coupling resistance (R.sub.A), the circuit arrangement (20) having a signal evaluation circuit (26) which includes a signal input for evaluating the measured voltage (U.sub.M) and a ground connection (GND). The ground connection (GND) is connected to a ground potential (PE).

A measurement module receives a defined system topology and system component characteristics information for a system. The measurement module calculates an expected system impedance for the defined system topology. The measurement module collects one or more impedance measurements using a high frequency voltage stimulus. Finally, the measurement module compares the one or more impedance measurements with the expected system impedance to determine adequacy of protective grounding of the system.

A measurement module receives a defined system topology and system component characteristics information for a system. The measurement module calculates an expected system impedance for the defined system topology. The measurement module collects one or more impedance measurements using a high frequency voltage stimulus. Finally, the measurement module compares the one or more impedance measurements with the expected system impedance to determine adequacy of protective grounding of the system.

A monitoring device and a method for monitoring an insulation resistance for an ungrounded electric system includes a liquid cooling operated to ground and having refrigerant flowing in tubes. For this purpose, the measuring signal is supplied in series in the tube system via the refrigerant resistance. The monitoring device is realized having a current measurement or a voltage measurement at the tube sections in order to detect the insulation resistance and can be enhanced for monitoring a shared insulation resistance of several ungrounded electric subsystems fed by a shared transformer.

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to an automated method to check electrostatic discharge (ESD) effect on a victim device. For example, some aspects of this disclosure relate to a method, including determining a probe point, in a circuit design, for determining effective resistance between the probe point and ground, where the probe point is on an ESD path of in the circuit design. The method includes determining voltage between the probe point and the ground. The method further includes comparing, by a processing device, a resistance value of the ESD path determined based a predefined electric current value at a source point and the measured voltage with a target resistance value range. The method further includes reporting a violation upon determining that the determined resistance value of the ESD path is outside the target resistance value range.

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to an automated method to check electrostatic discharge (ESD) effect on a victim device. For example, some aspects of this disclosure relate to a method, including determining a probe point, in a circuit design, for determining effective resistance between the probe point and ground, where the probe point is on an ESD path of in the circuit design. The method includes determining voltage between the probe point and the ground. The method further includes comparing, by a processing device, a resistance value of the ESD path determined based a predefined electric current value at a source point and the measured voltage with a target resistance value range. The method further includes reporting a violation upon determining that the determined resistance value of the ESD path is outside the target resistance value range.

Various examples are provided related to anisotropic constitutive parameters (ACPs) that can be used to launch Zenneck surface waves. In one example, among others, an ACP system includes an array of ACP elements distributed over a medium such as, e.g., a terrestrial medium. The array of ACP elements can include one or more horizontal layers of radial resistive artificial anisotropic dielectric (RRAAD) elements positioned in one or more orientations over the terrestrial medium. The ACP system can include vertical lossless artificial anisotropic dielectric (VLAAD) elements distributed over the terrestrial medium in a third orientation perpendicular to the horizontal layer or layers. The ACP system can also include horizontal artificial anisotropic magnetic permeability (HAAMP) elements distributed over the terrestrial medium. The array of ACP elements can be distributed about a launching structure, which can excite the ACP system with an electromagnetic field to launch a Zenneck surface wave.

Various examples are provided related to anisotropic constitutive parameters (ACPs) that can be used to launch Zenneck surface waves. In one example, among others, an ACP system includes an array of ACP elements distributed over a medium such as, e.g., a terrestrial medium. The array of ACP elements can include one or more horizontal layers of radial resistive artificial anisotropic dielectric (RRAAD) elements positioned in one or more orientations over the terrestrial medium. The ACP system can include vertical lossless artificial anisotropic dielectric (VLAAD) elements distributed over the terrestrial medium in a third orientation perpendicular to the horizontal layer or layers. The ACP system can also include horizontal artificial anisotropic magnetic permeability (HAAMP) elements distributed over the terrestrial medium. The array of ACP elements can be distributed about a launching structure, which can excite the ACP system with an electromagnetic field to launch a Zenneck surface wave.

A ground monitoring tester for an AC power network, the tester comprising: a processor configured to repeatedly conduct impedance measurements of the ground of said AC power network at a point between a neutral reference point and the ground, wherein the processor is configured to conduct the impedance measurements repeatedly at intervals such as between 2 milliseconds and 2 minutes, indefinitely (i.e. without a time limit ending the measurements), whether or not the appliance or system is operational and whether or not there is an indication of a problem in the ground of said AC power network, wherein each of the impedance measurements is based on a voltage differential between a sequence of voltages including a first voltage without an internally generated reference current and a second voltage with an internally generated reference current, and at least one indication output based on the impedance measurements of the ground.

An insulation detection method includes closing a main positive relay and a main negative relay in a high voltage safety box of each electric cabinet in an energy storage system; controlling an insulation detection board to perform insulation detection at a main power management system, and to report an insulation detection result to a power conversion system; controlling, if the insulation detection result at the main power management system indicates no fault and no instruction of starting insulation detection at the power conversion system is received, the insulation detection board to continue performing the insulation detection; and instructing, if the insulation detection result at the main power management system indicates an insulation fault, a battery management system of each electric cabinet to control the main positive relay and the main negative relay in the high voltage safety box to turn off.