A liquid crystal display apparatus, includes: a light-condensing backlight unit; a liquid crystal panel including a first linear polarizer and a second linear polarizer; a light scattering film facing the second linear polarizer; and a third linear polarizer facing the light scattering film. The light scattering film includes a functional layer including an organic polymer compound and light scattering particles. The functional layer includes a particle layer in which a fraction of 60% by volume to 100% by volume of the light scattering particles included in the functional layer expands along a surface of the particle layer at which the light output from the liquid crystal panel is received, and the particle layer is concentrated to a region having a thickness of 1 to 80% of a total thickness of the functional layer, in a direction perpendicular to the contact surface.

A display switching device according to one or more embodiments may display images by switching light illumination from multiple light source positions. The device may include a lens array including multiple lenses that allow passage of light from the light source positions, a display layer including pixel regions that allow passage of light collected on the lenses included in the lens array, and a diffusion layer located opposite to the light source positions with the lens array in between to diffuse passing light. The diffusion layer optically adheres to a layer adjacent to a surface of the diffusion layer nearer the light source positions, or the diffusion layer and the layer adjacent the surface of the diffusion layer nearer the light source positions include the same material.

An embodiment includes a light source. The light source may include a substrate and a diffuser. The substrate may include a first surface and a second surface. The second surface may be opposite the first surface. The diffuser may be carried by the substrate. The diffuser may be configured to receive an optical signal from the substrate after the optical signal propagates through the substrate and to control a particular profile of a resultant beam of the optical signal over two axes after the optical signal propagates through the integrated diffuser.

A structure includes: a first portion including a first front surface and a first rear surface that faces opposite to the first front surface; a second portion including a second front surface that faces opposite to the first front surface, and a second rear surface that faces opposite to the second front surface; a support portion that supports the first portion and the second portion; a first film formed on the first front surface; a second film formed on the first rear surface; and a third film (an eighth film, a ninth film and a tenth film) formed on at least a part of a surface of the support portion. A thermal emissivity of the first film is higher than thermal emissivities of the second film, the eighth film, the ninth film, and the tenth film.

The present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof:

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wherein X, L, V, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, are as defined herein.

Light-permeable multilayer composite film made of plastic as the surface coating of an article, wherein the composite film comprises at least one outer, at least partially light-permeable top layer optionally provided with a lacquer and at least one further layer arranged on the back of the top layer, wherein arranged on the back side of the top layer is at least one sheetlike, optically active textile layer, preferably a textile layer comprising threads made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and/or made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), wherein the textile layer has light-transmitting, light-refracting and light-reflecting properties or a combination thereof and the transmission, refraction and reflection properties are such that illumination of the textile layer, in particular back side illumination of the textile layer, results in preferably uniformized light transmission through the top layer.

A colour micro-LED display apparatus comprises an array of reflective optical elements and an array of micro-LED pixels with a uniform emission colour across the array arranged between the array of reflective optical elements and an output substrate. Light from the micro-LEDs is directed into the reflective optical elements and is incident on scattering regions in the apparatus. Colour converted scattered light is transmitted by the output substrate. A thin and efficient display apparatus may be provided with high spatial and angular colour uniformity and long lifetime.

An optical lens optical lens includes a prism, a first lens group, a second lens group, and a third lens group arranged from the object image to the image side. A first diaphragm is between the first lens group and the prism. A second diaphragm is between the second lens group and the third lens group or the first lens group. In the long-focus state, the first diaphragm is an aperture diaphragm, and the second diaphragm is a flare eliminating diaphragm. In the short-focus state, the second diaphragm is an aperture diaphragm, and the first diaphragm is a flare eliminating diaphragm.

An optical device, such as a diffuser, can include a substrate; and a diffuser surface, in which the diffuser surface has an index of refraction greater than about 1.8. A method of making and using the optical device is also disclosed.

The antiglare film of the present invention is provided with an antiglare layer having a haze value in a range from 50% to 99%, and in a state where the antiglare film is mounted on a surface of a display, a standard deviation of luminance distribution of the display is a value in a range from 0 to 6, and transmission image clarity at an optical comb width of 0.5 mm is a value in a range from 0% to 60%.