Conventional electrochromic devices frequently suffer from poor reliability and poor performance. Improvements are made using entirely solid and inorganic materials. Electrochromic devices are fabricated by forming an ion conducting electronically-insulating interfacial region that serves as an IC layer. In some methods, the interfacial region is formed after formation of an electrochromic and a counter electrode layer. The interfacial region contains an ion conducting electronically-insulating material along with components of the electrochromic and/or the counter electrode layer. Materials and microstructure of the electrochromic devices provide improvements in performance and reliability over conventional devices.

An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.

An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.

An electro-chemical device having a cell thickness of 1 μm-1000 μm, comprising a first and a second substrate disposed to face each other, and having electrodes on facing surfaces, transparent electrolyte solution sandwiched between the first and the second substrates, containing electro-deposition material containing Ag, mediator, supporting electrolyte, and solvent, and having optical density not larger than 0.1 in visible light range of wavelength 400 nm-800 nm.

An electro-chemical device having a cell thickness of 1 μm-1000 μm, comprising a first and a second substrate disposed to face each other, and having electrodes on facing surfaces, transparent electrolyte solution sandwiched between the first and the second substrates, containing electro-deposition material containing Ag, mediator, supporting electrolyte, and solvent, and having optical density not larger than 0.1 in visible light range of wavelength 400 nm-800 nm.

This invention discloses how EC devices can be fabricated as tags or labels; and further the materials used, device structures and how these can be processed by printing technologies. In addition, systems using displays of such EC devices and their integration with other components are described for forming labels and tags, etc, that may be actuated wirelessly or powered with low voltage and low capacity batteries.

This invention discloses how EC devices can be fabricated as tags or labels; and further the materials used, device structures and how these can be processed by printing technologies. In addition, systems using displays of such EC devices and their integration with other components are described for forming labels and tags, etc, that may be actuated wirelessly or powered with low voltage and low capacity batteries.

Provided is an optical modulator. The optical modulator includes an optical waveguide device and an electrochromic device on the optical waveguide device. The optical waveguide device includes a cladding layer and a core layer extending in a first direction on the cladding layer. The electrochromic device includes a lower electrode on the core layer, an upper electrode facing the lower electrode, an electrolyte layer between the lower electrode and the upper electrode, and an electrochromic layer between the lower electrode and the electrolyte layer.

Provided is an optical modulator. The optical modulator includes an optical waveguide device and an electrochromic device on the optical waveguide device. The optical waveguide device includes a cladding layer and a core layer extending in a first direction on the cladding layer. The electrochromic device includes a lower electrode on the core layer, an upper electrode facing the lower electrode, an electrolyte layer between the lower electrode and the upper electrode, and an electrochromic layer between the lower electrode and the electrolyte layer.

An electrochromic device includes: a first substrate and a second substrate provided opposite to each other; a first transparent conductive layer and a second conductive layer provided between the first substrate and the second substrate; an electrochromic layer provided between the first transparent conductive layer and the second conductive layer; a bottom printed layer provided on a surface of the second substrate away from the second conductive layer; and a pattern layer. An orthographic projection of the pattern layer on the first substrate covers at most a part of a surface of the first substrate, and a color of the electrochromic device varies as a voltage between the first transparent conductive layer and the second conductive layer changes.