This disclosure relates generally to solution processed low temperature metal oxide, metal bronze or polyoxometalate materials as charge storage material used in electrochromic devices, charge storage material and electrochromic devices comprising the materials and methods of making and using the same.

An electrochromic system is disclosed which includes a first glass layer having a bottom side and a top side, the top side coated with a first transparent conductor layer, an electrolyte layer formed adjacent to the first transparent conductor layer, an electrochromic layer formed adjacent to the electrolyte layer, and a second glass layer having a top side and a bottom side, the bottom side coated with a second transparent conductor layer and coupled to the electrochromic layer.

An electrochromic device, system using, and method for, which may pre-activate a buffer is disclosed. The electrochromic device may comprise a first substrate, a second substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrochromic medium. The second substate may be disposed in apart relationship with the first substrate. The first and second electrodes may be associated with the first and second substrates, respectively. The electrochromic medium may be disposed between the first and second electrodes. Further, the electrochromic medium may comprise electrochromic materials and a redox buffer. Each of the electrochromic materials and the buffer may be operable between activated and deactivated states. The electrochromic device may be configured to apply a voltage to substantially pre-activate the buffer and hold the buffer in this state prior to substantially activating the electrochromic materials, thereby decreasing the response time of the electrochromic device upon activation.

An electrochromic device, system using, and method for, which may pre-activate a buffer is disclosed. The electrochromic device may comprise a first substrate, a second substrate, a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrochromic medium. The second substate may be disposed in apart relationship with the first substrate. The first and second electrodes may be associated with the first and second substrates, respectively. The electrochromic medium may be disposed between the first and second electrodes. Further, the electrochromic medium may comprise electrochromic materials and a redox buffer. Each of the electrochromic materials and the buffer may be operable between activated and deactivated states. The electrochromic device may be configured to apply a voltage to substantially pre-activate the buffer and hold the buffer in this state prior to substantially activating the electrochromic materials, thereby decreasing the response time of the electrochromic device upon activation.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an electrochromic element comprises: a first electrode; a second electrode; a peripheral seal disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrochromic layer disposed in a space defined by the first electrode, the second electrode, and the peripheral seal, wherein the electrochromic layer includes an anodic electrochromic compound and a cathodic electrochromic compound, wherein the peripheral seal is an anode preferential peripheral seal that takes preference of oxidation reaction of anodic electrochromic compound near the peripheral seal, and wherein the anodic electrochromic compound in the electrochromic layer has a concentration greater than a concentration of the cathodic electrochromic compound.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an electrochromic element comprises: a first electrode; a second electrode; a peripheral seal disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electrochromic layer disposed in a space defined by the first electrode, the second electrode, and the peripheral seal, wherein the electrochromic layer includes an anodic electrochromic compound and a cathodic electrochromic compound, wherein the peripheral seal is an anode preferential peripheral seal that takes preference of oxidation reaction of anodic electrochromic compound near the peripheral seal, and wherein the anodic electrochromic compound in the electrochromic layer has a concentration greater than a concentration of the cathodic electrochromic compound.

A reflective liquid crystal display device includes: first to fourth substrates spaced apart from and parallel to each other; a first stack including a first pixel electrode, a first alignment layer, a first common electrode, a second alignment layer and a first cholesteric liquid crystal layer between the first and second alignment layers; a second stack including a second pixel electrode, a third alignment layer, a second common electrode, a fourth alignment layer and a second cholesteric liquid crystal layer between the third and fourth alignment layers; a third stack including a third pixel electrode, a fifth alignment layer, a third common electrode, a sixth alignment layer and a third cholesteric liquid crystal layer between the fifth and sixth alignment layers; and a fourth stack including a first mode electrode, an ion storing layer, an electrolyte layer, an electrochromic layer and a second mode electrode sequentially on the first substrate.

The present application discloses a sensor for determining a measurand correlated with a concentration of at least one analyte belonging to the class of reactive oxygen species in a measuring fluid, the sensor including a sensor element having an indicator substance, wherein the indicator substance is oxidized into an oxidized form of the indicator substance by the at least one analyte, a means for generating a flow of current in the sensor element that causes a reduction of the oxidized form of the indicator substance and thereby regeneration of the indicator substance, an optical measuring sensor to detect measuring radiation influenced by the oxidized form of the indicator substance and to generate an electrical measuring signal using the influenced measuring radiation, and a sensor switch connected to the optical measuring sensor to receive the measuring signal and to ascertain a measured value of the measurand using the measuring signal.

The present application discloses a sensor for determining a measurand correlated with a concentration of at least one analyte belonging to the class of reactive oxygen species in a measuring fluid, the sensor including a sensor element having an indicator substance, wherein the indicator substance is oxidized into an oxidized form of the indicator substance by the at least one analyte, a means for generating a flow of current in the sensor element that causes a reduction of the oxidized form of the indicator substance and thereby regeneration of the indicator substance, an optical measuring sensor to detect measuring radiation influenced by the oxidized form of the indicator substance and to generate an electrical measuring signal using the influenced measuring radiation, and a sensor switch connected to the optical measuring sensor to receive the measuring signal and to ascertain a measured value of the measurand using the measuring signal.

A switchable image capturing system is provided. Through modulating light by an electro-optical switch, the light intake received by the lens assembly and the image sensor may be changed. Specifically, when the electro-optical switch receives a positive voltage, the electro-optical switch obstructs the light so that the lens assembly and the image sensor are not able to image by receiving the light; when the electro-optical switch receives a negative voltage, the electro-optical switch allows the light to pass through so that the lens assembly and the image sensor is able to image by receiving the light. Through the configuration in the aforementioned statements, the image time of the image sensor may be controlled to interrupt or continue filming according to the user's needs.