A wavelength conversion device includes a nonlinear optical medium and a controller. The nonlinear optical medium configured to generate light from signal light and excitation light, the excitation light having a wavelength different from a wavelength of the signal light and having a second electric field strength than a first electric field strength of the signal light, the light having a wavelength different from a wavelengths of the signal light and the excitation light. The controller configured to control a first temperature of the nonlinear optical medium based on an intensity of the light.

An apparatus is described that selectively absorbs electromagnetic radiation. The apparatus includes a conducting surface, a dielectric layer formed on the conducting surface, and a plurality of conducting particles distributed on the dielectric layer. The dielectric layer can be formed from a material and a thickness selected to yield a specific absorption spectrum. Alternatively, the thickness or dielectric value of the material can change in response to an external stimulus, thereby changing the absorption spectrum.

A measuring device includes a housing and a power source, a conductive detecting unit arranged in the housing and connected with the power source, a carrier facing the conductive detecting unit, connection terminals arranged on the carrier and connected with the power source, and a lifting mechanism configured to control the conductive detecting unit and the carrier to move relatively in the first direction. wherein the The carrying surface of the carrier is parallel to the main surface of the conductive detecting unit, and the first direction is a direction perpendicular to the carrying surface.

Diffractive optical structures, lenses, waveplates, devices, systems and methods, which have the same effect on light regardless of temperature within an operating temperature range. Temperature-compensated switchable diffractive waveplate systems, in which the diffraction efficiency can be maximized for the operating wavelength and temperature by means of adjustment of the electric potential across the liquid crystal or other anisotropic material in the diffracting state of the diffractive state, based on prior measurements of diffraction efficiency as a function of wavelength and temperature. The switchable diffractive waveplates can be a switchable diffractive waveplate diffuser, a switchable cycloidal diffractive waveplate, and a switchable diffractive waveplate lens. An electronic controller can apply an electric potential to the switchable diffractive waveplate. Amplitudes of the electric potential can be determined from lookup tables such that diffraction efficiency at an operating wavelength and measured temperature is maximized. A communications channel can transfer the measured temperature from temperature measurement means to the electronic controller.

The present disclosure relates to a device and a method for adjusting a pulse width of a laser beam by using the plasma generated by being induced from laser as a shutter, and more particularly, to a device and a method for adjusting a laser pulse width, which can precisely and quickly adjust the laser pulse width by dividing the laser generated from a laser light source into a target pulse and a shutter pulse; converting the optical path of the divided laser; and chopping the target pulse by using the plasma induced from the shutter pulse as an optical shutter in a cell having adjustable internal pressure.

Disclosed is a metrology apparatus for measurement of a target formed on a substrate by a lithographic process and associated method. The metrology apparatus comprises a radiation source operable to provide first radiation; a configured solid high harmonic generation medium being configured to receive and be excited by said first radiation to generate high harmonic second radiation from an output surface of the configured solid high harmonic generation medium; and a detection arrangement operable to detect said second radiation, at least a portion of which having been scattered by said target. The configured solid high harmonic generation medium is configured to shape the beam of said second radiation and/or separate said first and second radiation.

A display device including a display panel, in which a display region including a plurality of organic light emitting devices and a non-display region adjacent to the display region are defined, a protection film disposed below the display panel, a first adhesive layer contacting a bottom surface of the protection film, a supporting layer comprising a metallic material, at least overlapping the entire display region, and contacting the first adhesive layer, an input-sensing unit disposed on the display panel, an anti-reflection unit disposed on the input-sensing unit, and a window panel disposed on the input-sensing unit.

An object of the present invention is to provide a polarizer, a method of producing a polarizer, a laminate, and an image display device which enable achievement of both the degree of alignment and heat resistance. The polarizer of the present invention is a polarizer formed of a polarizer-forming composition which contains a liquid crystal compound and a dichroic material, in which the liquid crystal compound has a smectic liquid crystallinity, and a phase transition temperature of the polarizer-forming composition from a smectic phase to an isotropic phase or a nematic phase is 120 C. or higher.

A first electrode, a first insulating film, a second electrode, a second insulating film, and a pixel electrode are formed on a one surface side of a first substrate of an electro-optical device. The second electrode is electrically connected [to the first electrode] via a first contact hole that penetrates the first insulating film. The second electrode and the second insulating film configure a continuous flat surface, which is the surface on the opposite side to the first substrate, and the pixel electrode is electrically connected to the second electrode. Of the second insulating film, since an inside section positioned inside a concave portion caused by the first contact hole is connected to an outside section provided on the outside of the concave portion, peeling of the inside section is unlikely to occur.

A measuring device includes a housing and a power source, a conductive detecting unit arranged in the housing and connected with the power source, a carrier facing the conductive detecting unit, connection terminals arranged on the carrier and connected with the power source, and a lifting mechanism configured to control the conductive detecting unit and the carrier to move relatively in the first direction. wherein the The carrying surface of the carrier is parallel to the main surface of the conductive detecting unit, and the first direction is a direction perpendicular to the carrying surface.