Modifications to both hardware and enzymatic reactions used in single cell analyses such as but not limited to Seq-well that enable significant increases in the yield of transcripts per cell, portability and ease of use, increased scalability of the assay, and linkage of transcript information to other measurements made in the picowell arrays are disclosed.

A method is disclosed for aligning layers in fabricating a multilayer printable electronic device. The method entails providing a transparent substrate upon which a first metal layer is deposited, providing a transparent functional layer over the first metal layer, depositing metal nano particles over the functional layer to form a second metal layer, exposing the metal nano particles to intense pulsed light via an underside of the substrate to partially sinter exposed particles to the functional layer whereby the first metal layer acts as a photo mask, and washing away unexposed particles using a solvent to leave partially sintered metal nano particles on the substrate.

A relief-forming precursor includes a substrate and a relief-forming layer having: a polymer; at least one photopolymerizable monomer; a photopolymerization initiator; and a low surface energy monomer. A relief-forming assembly includes a relief-forming precursor having a low surface energy monomer and a mask element that is in complete optical contact with the relief-forming surface. A method of making a relief image includes: exposing the relief-forming layer to curing UV radiation through the mask element to form an imaged relief-forming layer with polymerized regions and non-polymerized regions; removing the mask element from the imaged relief-forming layer; and developing the imaged relief-forming layer by removing the non-polymerized regions, thereby forming a relief image. A relief image layer has an elastomer and copolymer that includes at least one photopolymerized monomer and a low surface energy monomer that has a silicone moiety with a relief surface having the silicone moiety.

The method includes the steps of: a) dividing a large-scale touch sensing pattern to be manufactured into multiple divisional patterns and producing multiple photomasks corresponding to the multiple divisional patterns; b) providing a substrate with a conductive layer; c) disposing a photoresist layer on the conductive layer; d) a first exposure process: forming an exposing divisional pattern and multiple first targets the photoresist layer; e) an adjacent exposure process: forming an adjacent exposing divisional pattern and multiple second targets, and adjacently connecting the adjacent exposing divisional pattern and the exposing divisional pattern originally on the photoresist layer; f) repeating the adjacent exposure process to form multiple adjacent exposing divisional patterns until a complete exposing pattern has been assembled; g) performing a developing process to the photoresist layer; and h) etching the conductive layer to form the large-scale touch sensing pattern on the conductive layer.

A method of preparing a film negative including the steps of dispersing a UV ink in a desired pattern on a UV printing substrate; and curing the UV ink with a source of actinic radiation to crosslink and cure the UV ink and create the UV printed polymer layer in the desired pattern. The UV ink is at least substantially solvent-free and printing substrate does not contain an adhesive layer or an ink-receptive layer and is not been modified to be ink-receptive. The film negative may be used in a process of making a flexographic printing element.

A method for exposing a photopolymerization layer comprising photopolymers includes: providing a printed circuit board, with a photopolymerization layer disposed on the top side of the printed circuit board; performing first-instance exposure on the photopolymerization layer, using a UV source and a digital micro-lens device, wherein the UV source is of a power less than 0.2 kW; stopping the first-instance exposure; covering the photopolymerization layer with a mask, with the mask having a bottom side in contact with the photopolymerization layer; and performing second-instance exposure on the photopolymerization layer, using a mercury lamp and the mask, wherein the mercury lamp is of a power greater than 5 kW.

A method for manufacturing a metal pattern, the method including forming a photosensitive layer pattern on a multilayer metal substrate including titanium and copper; providing an etchant composition on the multilayer metal substrate on which the photosensitive layer pattern is formed to form the source electrode and the drain electrode; and removing the photosensitive layer pattern, wherein the etchant composition includes a persulfate, a four-nitrogen ring compound, a two-chlorine compound, a fluorine compound, and water, and a weight ratio of the four-nitrogen ring compound and the two-chlorine compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:4.

A method to determine an exposure time and/or intensity to be used for obtaining a desired feature of a relief structure, in particular a desired floor thickness, includes exposing a first side of a relief precursor with electromagnetic radiation, where the exposure is done in an area having a first position A and a second position B and is performed such that for a plurality of points between said first and second positions A, B the values for the exposure time and the exposure intensity are known, wherein the exposure time and/or the exposure intensity are automatically controlled to be varied at said plurality of points; determining one or more points of said plurality of points representative for the desired feature; and determining the required exposure time and/or exposure intensity for the desired feature based on the determined one or more points and the known values.

An etchant composition of an embodiment includes a persulfate, a four-nitrogen ring compound, a two-chlorine compound, a fluorine compound and water, and has a weight ratio of the four-nitrogen ring compound and the two-chlorine compound of about 1:0.5 to about 1:4. The etchant composition may etch a multilayer metal substrate of titanium/copper and may be used for manufacturing a multilayer metal pattern and an array substrate having excellent properties of etched patterns.

Intermittently photobleached mask with photobleachable and photobleached regions are described, as well as their fabrication and use to selectively release components from a substrate. Intermittently photobleached mask may allow a plurality of select components to be released simultaneously from a donor plate comprising a release layer, thereby facilitating component transfer.