Provided an electrophotographic electro-conductive member that can stably suppress an occurrence of fogging in an electrophotographic image. The member comprises a support having an electro-conductive outer surface, and an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electro-conductive layer having a matrix including a cross-linked product of a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains each includes a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, at least some of the domains is exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the member, the outer surface of the electro-conductive member is constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electrophotographic electro-conductive member, the electrophotographic electro-conductive member has an impedance of 1.0×10.sup.3Ω or more and 1.0×10.sup.8Ω or less, and some of the domains satisfy two specific requirements.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoating layer, and a photosensitive layer. The undercoating layer that is provided on the conductive substrate and includes a binder resin and a charge transporting material. The binder resin includes a resin obtained by polymerizing a diallyl phthalate compound. The photosensitive layer that is provided on the undercoating layer.

Provided an electrophotographic electro-conductive member that can stably suppress an occurrence of fogging in an electrophotographic image. The member comprises a support having an electro-conductive outer surface, and an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electro-conductive layer having a matrix including a cross-linked product of a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains each includes a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, at least some of the domains is exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the member, the outer surface of the electro-conductive member is constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electrophotographic electro-conductive member, the electrophotographic electro-conductive member has an impedance of 1.0×10.sup.3Ω or more and 1.0×10.sup.8Ω or less, and some of the domains satisfy two specific requirements.

Provided an electrophotographic electro-conductive member that can stably suppress an occurrence of fogging in an electrophotographic image. The member comprises a support having an electro-conductive outer surface, and an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electro-conductive layer having a matrix including a cross-linked product of a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains each includes a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, at least some of the domains is exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the member, the outer surface of the electro-conductive member is constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electrophotographic electro-conductive member, the electrophotographic electro-conductive member has an impedance of 1.0×10.sup.3Ω or more and 1.0×10.sup.8Ω or less, and some of the domains satisfy two specific requirements.

The present disclosure provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer in which an occurrence of the image deletion is suppressed; a process cartridge equipped with the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and an electrophotographic apparatus provided with the process cartridge. An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer that includes a copolymerized product of a composition including a metal oxide particle having a polymerizable functional group on a surface thereof and a polymerizable compound having a particular structure.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoating layer that is disposed on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer that is disposed on the undercoating layer, in which the undercoating layer contains at least one perinone compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by Formulas (1) and (2), and at least one acceptor compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by Formula (3) to (15) which are shown in the specification. ##STR00001##

Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least a charge transport layer and a protective layer sequentially laminated on a conductive support, wherein the protective layer contains a cured product of a composition containing a charge transport compound having a chain polymerizable functional group; the charge transport layer and the protective layer are continuously laminated with intervening a mixed layer therebetween in which components of both layers of the charge transport layer and the protective layer are compatible; and the mixed layer has a thickness in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 μm.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a support, an undercoat layer formed above the support, a charge generation layer formed on the undercoat layer, and a charge transport layer formed above the charge generation layer, wherein the undercoat layer contains a polyamide resin and a titanium oxide particle which is surface-treated with a compound represented by Formula (1): ##STR00001##
when a volume of the titanium oxide particles to a volume of the polyamide resin in the undercoat layer is a, and an average primary particle diameter of the titanium oxide particles is b [μm], the following Equation (A) is satisfied: Equation (A): 14.0≤a/b≤19.1; and the charge generation layer contains a charge generating material and a thermoplastic resin having a hydroxyl group and a hydroxyl number of 50 mgKOH/g or more.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support; and an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer stacked on the conductive support, in which the undercoat layer contains crystalline electron transport compound particles. In X-ray diffraction measurement performed on the undercoat layer in a thickness direction, a maximum intensity peak has a half-width of 5° or less, and a maximum value Nmax among orientation indices N expressed by equation (1) below is 1 or more and 3 or less:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\text{Orientation index}\text{=}\frac{l_1}{\frac{{\displaystyle .Math.l_1}}{\frac{l_2}{{\displaystyle .Math.l_2}}}}& \text{­­­(1)}\end{array}$

where I.sub.1 represents a relative integral intensity of each of peaks in the X-ray diffraction measurement performed on the undercoat layer in the thickness direction, and I.sub.2 represents a relative integral intensity of each of peaks in X-ray diffraction measurement performed on the undercoat layer processed into a powder form having a volume-average particle diameter of 5 .Math.m or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order, in which the charge transport layer contains at least one resin selected from a polyester resin or a polycarbonate resin, and in a case where a Martens hardness and an indentation hardness, which are acquired by an indentation test performed on the charge transport layer to a depth of 0.5 μm, are respectively defined as HM (N/mm.sup.2) and nIT (N/mm.sup.2), Relational Equation (0) is satisfied, an elastic deformation modulus is 45% or greater and 70% or less, and a tensile elastic modulus of the charge transport layer is 2,300 MPa or greater and 5,000 MPa or less,

nIT=a×HM−b(a=2±0.2,b=100±20).  (0)