A toner composition having improved toner usage efficiency, wherein toner particles having an average size range of 1-25 μm may be mixed with an extra particulate additive package including a first small silica surface treated with both a silane and an aminosilane having a primary particle size of about 5 nm-20 nm, a second fumed silica having a primary particle size of 30 nm-60 nm, a third silica having a primary particle size of about 70 nm-120 nm, an electro-conductive titania having a primary particle size of 30 nm-60 nm and an acicular titania having a size of about 1.6 μm to 1.7 μm in length and about 130 nm in diameter. An alternative embodiment of the extra particulate additive package does not include a third silica having a primary particle size of about 70 nm-120 nm.

A toner includes toner particles. The toner particles each include a toner mother particle and an external additive attached to the surface of the toner mother particle. The external additive includes first external additive particles and fluorine-containing particles. The first external additive particles each include an aluminum oxide particle, a conductive layer covering the aluminum oxide particle, and a single-layer or multilayer protective layer covering the conductive layer. The conductive layer contains antimony tin oxide. The protective layer includes a layer containing a component derived from a titanate coupling agent, or includes an inner layer containing methylol melamine, urethane resin, or aluminum hydroxide and an outer layer containing a component derived from a silane coupling agent. The first external additive particles have a powder specific resistance of no greater than 50 Ω.Math.cm.

A toner is comprised of toner particles and external additive adhering to the surface of the toner particles. The toner particles are formed from a binder resin, an ester wax, and a colorant. The external additive comprises a titanium oxide and silica. A first adhesive strength between the external additive and the toner base particles is in a range of 90 to 100% when measured as a ratio of X-ray spectroscopic intensity of titanium for toner particles before and after a washing process, and a second adhesive strength between the external additive and the toner base particles is in a range of 50 to 80% when measured as a ratio of X-ray spectroscopic intensity of silicon measured for toner before and after another washing process.

A coating layer application device (200) for applying a coating layer, which is located on a transfer element, to a substrate, the coating layer (206) being formed from a coating material, in particular a thermosetting coating material, the coating layer (206) being curable and comprising an amorphous material, the coating layer application device comprising: a heating device (214, 220) being configured so as to (i) maintain the temperature of the coating layer (206) within a temperature range before removal of N the transfer element (204) from the coating layer (206), wherein within the temperature range the uncured coating material is in its supercooled liquid state; and/or (ii) partially cure the coating layer (206) during a contact of the coating layer (206) and the substrate (210) and before removal of the transfer element (204) from the coating layer, in particular by increasing the temperature of the coating layer (206) to a temperature at or above a curing temperature of the coating layer (206).

Provided is a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including: a developing unit including a toner; and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner includes a toner particle, the toner particle has a surface containing a polyvalent acid metal salt particle, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains at least one metal oxide particle among an aluminum oxide particle, a silicon dioxide particle, and a tin oxide particle.

The electrophotographic apparatus and process cartridge comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a cleaning blade, and developing unit containing a toner, wherein the cleaning blade comprising a support member and an elastic member whose portion is abutting a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member; the elastic member has an elastic modulus of 15 to 470 MPa with coefficient of variation for the elastic modulus being not more than 7.0%, and the absolute value of a difference between Martens hardness values is not more than 0.30 N/mm.sup.2 as measured under prescribed conditions; the toner contains a toner particle and an external additive whose a number-average primary particle diameter is from 5 to 25 nm, when X1 is a coverage ratio of the toner particle by the external additive and X2 is a theoretical coverage ratio, X1 is 50 to 85 area %, and X1/X2≥−0.0042×X1+0.60 is satisfied.

An electrostatic charge image developing toner includes toner particles, and an external additive that contains particles A containing a perovskite-type compound and having an equivalent circle diameter of 15 nm or greater and 90 nm or less and particles B containing a perovskite-type compound and having an equivalent circle diameter of 1.0 μm or greater and 3.0 μm or less, in which the particles B occupy 0.3% by number or greater and 3.5% by number or less of an entirety of the toner particles.

A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image includes toner particles having an average circularity Cc of 0.80 or more and less than 0.98, and an external additive containing monodisperse silica particles and titanate compound particles, in which a ratio Rt/Rs of an average primary particle diameter Rt of the titanate compound particles to an average primary particle diameter Rs of the monodisperse silica particles is 0.50 or more and 3.50 or less, and a ratio A/B of an external additive coverage A (%) of the monodisperse silica particles on surfaces of the toner particles to an external additive coverage B (%) of the titanate compound particles on the surfaces of the toner particles satisfies formula (1): 0<A/B≤2.00.

A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image includes toner particles having an average circularity Cc of 0.80 or more and less than 0.98, and an external additive containing monodisperse silica particles and titanate compound particles, in which a ratio A/B of a coverage A (%) of the monodisperse silica particles on protruding portions of toner particle surfaces to a coverage B (%) of the monodisperse silica particles in recessed portions of the toner particle surfaces is 1.05 or more.

A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image contains toner particles having an average circularity Cc of 0.98 or more; and external additives including monodisperse silica particles having an average diameter of primary particles of 20 nm or more and 70 nm or less and titanate particles having an average diameter of primary particles of 20 nm or more and 70 nm or less, wherein the absolute difference between the average diameter of primary particles of the monodisperse silica particles and the average diameter of primary particles of the titanate particles is 25 nm or less.