Provided is a dispersant for liquid development represented by general formula (1):

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1 represents a monovalent organic group having a polar group, A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each represent an oxygen or sulfur atom, L.sup.1 and L.sup.2 each represent a divalent organic linking group, X represents a (m+n)-valent organic linking group having an alkyleneoxy group, P.sup.1 represents a polymer chain containing a unit represented by general formula (2), and m and n each represent a number of 1 to 9, with m+n being an integer of 2 to 10:

##STR00002##

where R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, L.sup.3 represents a carbonyloxy, oxycarbonyl, carbonyl, or phenylene group, and R.sup.4 represents a monovalent organic group having at least one selected from a carboxy group, a polyoxyalkylene group, an amino group, a sulfo group, and derivatives of the foregoing.

A method of producing an electrostatic ink composition, the method comprising: providing a precursor ink composition comprising a resin and a pigment dispersed in a liquid carrier; wherein the precursor ink composition comprises 30 wt % or more non-volatile solids; and spraying a lubricating liquid onto the surface of the precursor ink composition to form the electrostatic ink composition.

A method of producing an electrostatic ink composition, the method comprising: providing a precursor ink composition comprising a resin and a pigment dispersed in a liquid carrier; wherein the precursor ink composition comprises 30 wt % or more non-volatile solids; and spraying a lubricating liquid onto the surface of the precursor ink composition to form the electrostatic ink composition.

An ultraviolet-curable liquid developer contains a cationically polymerizable liquid monomer, a photoinitiator, and a toner particle insoluble in the cationically polymerizable liquid monomer. The cationically polymerizable liquid monomer is a vinyl ether compound, and the photoinitiator is a compound having a particular structure.

An ultraviolet-curable liquid developer contains a cationically polymerizable liquid monomer, a photoinitiator, and a toner particle insoluble in the cationically polymerizable liquid monomer. The cationically polymerizable liquid monomer is a vinyl ether compound, and the photoinitiator is a compound having a particular structure.

Herein is disclosed a method for concentrating a liquid electrostatic ink composition, the method comprising replacing a first liquid carrier in a liquid electrostatic ink composition with a second liquid carrier, wherein the liquid electrostatic ink composition comprises chargeable toner particles dispersed in the first liquid carrier; and removing the second liquid carrier to produce a concentrated liquid electrostatic ink composition, wherein the second liquid carrier has a boiling point below 100° C. and wherein the second liquid carrier has a lower boiling point than the first liquid carrier. Also disclosed herein is a concentrated liquid electrostatic ink composition producible according to the method.

Herein is disclosed a method for concentrating a liquid electrostatic ink composition, the method comprising replacing a first liquid carrier in a liquid electrostatic ink composition with a second liquid carrier, wherein the liquid electrostatic ink composition comprises chargeable toner particles dispersed in the first liquid carrier; and removing the second liquid carrier to produce a concentrated liquid electrostatic ink composition, wherein the second liquid carrier has a boiling point below 100° C. and wherein the second liquid carrier has a lower boiling point than the first liquid carrier. Also disclosed herein is a concentrated liquid electrostatic ink composition producible according to the method.

Here is described a liquid electrostatic ink composition comprising a pigment; a carrier liquid; a resin; a charge director; a fatty acid amide, and a polyalkylene wax. Methods of forming the liquid electrostatic ink compositions, and plastic substrates with the liquid electrostatic ink composition printed thereon, are also disclosed.

Disclosed is a washable non-toxic body paint including core/shell toner particles having a size of from 4.0 μm to 30 μm, wherein the core comprises a colorant and the shell comprises a polyester resin. The body paint includes an alcohol-free medium of gelatin or glycerin. The body paint can be applied to a skin surface.

The present invention relates to a liquid developer containing a carrier liquid and a developer component, in which the developer component contains an ethylene-(meth)acrylic acid copolymer A and a block copolymer B′ containing a hard segment and a soft segment, and the hard segment is a vinyl alicyclic hydrocarbon polymer, an image forming method using the liquid developer, a liquid developer cartridge having the liquid developer and an image forming apparatus having the liquid developer.