An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable photosensitive member, a charging member, an exposure unit, a developing member, a transfer member, and a pre-exposure unit. The pre-exposure unit exposes a surface of the photosensitive member after the toner image is transferred to the recording material and before being charged by the charging member. The pre-exposure unit includes a substrate disposed adjacent to one end of the photosensitive member with respect to a longitudinal direction of the photosensitive member, and in which a first light emitting element and a second light emitting element having directional characteristics narrower than that of the first light emitting element are mounted.

An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image bearing member, a charging member, a developing member, a transfer member, an exposure unit, and a controller. The controller executes a preparatory operation in which before an image forming operation, rotation of the image bearing member is started and a charging voltage and a developing voltage are increased stepwise. In the preparatory operation, the controller carries out control so as to start application of the charging voltage at a voltage value not less than a discharge start voltage of the charging member before a surface region of the image bearing member positioned in a developing portion at a time of a start of the rotation of the image bearing member reaches a charging portion in a state which a surface of the image bearing member is exposed to light by the exposure unit.

In an image forming apparatus, in a case where a power of the apparatus is turned from OFF to ON, a rotation drive unit rotationally drives each of a developing roller, a first conductive roller, and a second conductive roller in a state where a liquid developer supplied to a developer container by a supply device has reached a supply position, and a bias application unit applies a bias to each of the developing roller, the first conductive roller, and the second conductive roller after the developing roller rotates at least once, in the state where the liquid developer supplied to the developer container by the supply device has reached the supply position.

An image forming apparatus includes an image forming device, a fixing device, a high voltage power supply board, a main body housing and a door. The door is provided in the main body housing so as to face the fixing device. The fixing device includes a fixing member, a pressure roller, a charge applying device, a fixing housing and a contact member. The fixing member is rotatable. The charge applying device is applied with a voltage from the high voltage power supply board and applies a charge to the fixing member. The fixing housing stores the fixing member, the pressure roller and the charge applying device. The contact member is provided in the fixing housing at a position accessible by opening the door and to which a feed line on the high voltage power supply board side and a feed line on the charge applying device side are connected.

Provided is an image forming apparatus, including: an image bearing member; an exposure unit; a developing member which is rotatable at a rotation speed different from the image bearing member; a developer supply member; a developing voltage-applying unit; a supply voltage-applying unit; and a control unit. The control unit controls execution of: an image forming operation in which a developer image is formed by supplying developer on the image bearing member; and a cleaning operation which removes a substance adhered to the image bearing member using the developing member. In the cleaning operation, the control unit controls the developing voltage-applying unit or the supply voltage-applying unit so that the cleaning force using the developing member becomes stronger than that in the image forming operation.

To provide an image formation device that is capable of printing without problems in chargeability, leak resistance, gas resistance, and abrasion resistance, even with a contact charging system, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor and an electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge used in the image formation device. The problem can be solved by an image formation device of a contact charging system including a positively charging electrophotographic photoreceptor including a single layer photosensitive layer and an over coat layer containing a cured product formed by curing a curable compound.

Provided is an image forming apparatus, including: an image bearing member; an exposure unit; a developing member which is rotatable at a rotation speed different from the image bearing member; a developer supply member; a developing voltage-applying unit; a supply voltage-applying unit; and a control unit. The control unit controls execution of: an image forming operation in which a developer image is formed by supplying developer on the image bearing member; and a cleaning operation which removes a substance adhered to the image bearing member using the developing member. In the cleaning operation, the control unit controls the developing voltage-applying unit or the supply voltage-applying unit so that the cleaning force using the developing member becomes stronger than that in the image forming operation.

An electrophotographic roller includes: a mandrel and an elastic layer on the mandrel, and having a crown shape in which a diameter decreases from a central position O in a longitudinal direction of the mandrel toward an end portion. When a position of the end portion in the longitudinal direction of the elastic layer is defined as X2, a position between the O and the X2 is defined as X1, a distance between the O and the X1 is defined as L1, and a distance between the X1 and the X2 is defined as L2, L1=0.6×(L1+L2). When outer diameters of the electrophotographic roller at O, X1 and X2 are defined as Do, DX1 and DX2, respectively, and Z1=(Do−DX1)/2 and Z2=(DX1−DX2)/2 are defined, Z1, Z2, L1 and L2 satisfy (Z2/L2)<1.931×(Z1/L1).

An image forming method includes forming, fixing, and applying. The forming forms a toner image on a recording medium by an image forming device. The fixing fixes the toner image on the recording medium with heat by a fixing device. The applying applies an electric charge by a charge applying device to the recording medium on which the toner image has been fixed by the fixing device, in a state in which an output-adjustable power source for the charge applying device has an electric current that is controlled to be constant.

A developing apparatus including: a first chamber including a first conveyance member conveying developer in a first direction; a second chamber including a second conveyance member having a conveyance portion conveying the developer in a second direction opposite to the first direction and a return conveyance portion provided downstream of the conveyance portion in the second direction to convey the developer in the first direction; a first partition wall provided between the first chamber and the second chamber to form a first communication portion and a second communication portion to form a circulation route; and a bearing member configured to rotatably support the second conveyance member and including: a discharge port provided downstream of the return conveyance portion; and a second partition wall extending from the bearing member in the first direction to cover a portion of the return conveyance portion confronting the first communication portion.