Disclosed are various embodiments for a butterfly hinge electrode and uses thereof. A butterfly hinge electrode may have a first and second wing positioned adjacent to one another and connected through a coupling mechanism. The butterfly hinge electrode may have a first and second electrode assembly, the first electrode assembly positioned on the first wing and the second electrode assembly positioned on the second wing. The butterfly hinge electrode may further comprise a compression assembly. Further, the butterfly hinge electrode may be inserted into a subdermal layer of a patient for neurological monitoring through the use of the first and second electrode assemblies on the first and second wings.

Disclosed are various embodiments for a butterfly hinge electrode and uses thereof. A butterfly hinge electrode may have a first and second wing positioned adjacent to one another and connected through a coupling mechanism. The butterfly hinge electrode may have a first and second electrode assembly, the first electrode assembly positioned on the first wing and the second electrode assembly positioned on the second wing. The butterfly hinge electrode may further comprise a compression assembly. Further, the butterfly hinge electrode may be inserted into a subdermal layer of a patient for neurological monitoring through the use of the first and second electrode assemblies on the first and second wings.

A system for determining intestinal potential difference. The system includes a measurement probe including a measurement tube having a measurement lumen which houses a measurement electrode therein, a measurement fluid delivery system in fluid communication with the measurement lumen, the measurement fluid delivery system being configured to deliver an electrically-conductive fluid into the measurement lumen such that the electrically-conductive fluid is electrically coupled to the measurement electrode, and the measurement lumen including an outlet at a distal end thereof through which the electrically-conductive fluid exits the measurement lumen and contacts an intestinal tissue of a subject to provide electrical coupling between the measurement electrode and the intestinal tissue; a controller coupled to the measurement electrode configured to measure a potential difference between tire measurement electrode and a reference electrode electrically coupled to the subject.

A system for determining intestinal potential difference. The system includes a measurement probe including a measurement tube having a measurement lumen which houses a measurement electrode therein, a measurement fluid delivery system in fluid communication with the measurement lumen, the measurement fluid delivery system being configured to deliver an electrically-conductive fluid into the measurement lumen such that the electrically-conductive fluid is electrically coupled to the measurement electrode, and the measurement lumen including an outlet at a distal end thereof through which the electrically-conductive fluid exits the measurement lumen and contacts an intestinal tissue of a subject to provide electrical coupling between the measurement electrode and the intestinal tissue; a controller coupled to the measurement electrode configured to measure a potential difference between tire measurement electrode and a reference electrode electrically coupled to the subject.

A neural device system that can include a neural device configured to sense data associated with the subject or receive control input, an external device communicably coupled to the neural device, a storage medium communicable coupled to the external device, and one or more communications interfaces between the neural device, the external device, and the storage medium or components thereof, wherein the one or more communications interfaces comprise an encryption protocol.

Disclosed are various aspects for a squeeze and stick subdermal needle electrode. A squeeze and stick subdermal needle electrode may comprise (a) an electrode housing with (i) an inner portion with an opening to receive a subdermal needle on a proximal side, and a lead wire on a distal side, wherein the subdermal needle and the lead wire are mated together to transfer electrical signals; and (ii) an outer portion for protecting the inner portion, the outer portion capable of compressing onto the inner portion, wherein when compressing drives the subdermal needle toward a patient. Further, methods of compressing the outer portion to drive the inner portion of the subdermal needle electrode into a subdermal region of the patient are disclosed.

Disclosed are various aspects for a squeeze and stick subdermal needle electrode. A squeeze and stick subdermal needle electrode may comprise (a) an electrode housing with (i) an inner portion with an opening to receive a subdermal needle on a proximal side, and a lead wire on a distal side, wherein the subdermal needle and the lead wire are mated together to transfer electrical signals; and (ii) an outer portion for protecting the inner portion, the outer portion capable of compressing onto the inner portion, wherein when compressing drives the subdermal needle toward a patient. Further, methods of compressing the outer portion to drive the inner portion of the subdermal needle electrode into a subdermal region of the patient are disclosed.

A sensor array includes a base for providing a probe signal and a plurality of modular recording sites. Each modular recording site of the plurality of modular recording sites is configured for receiving a signal, for converting the signal into a digital sensor signal and to provide the digital sensor signal to the base. The base is configured for receiving a plurality of digital sensor signals from the plurality of modular recording sites and to process the plurality of digital sensor signals so as to provide the probe signal.

Disclosed is a microneedle biosensor and a manufacturing method for same, the microneedle biosensor comprising: a working electrode that comprises a circular thin-film first base, a plurality of microneedles protruding vertically upwards from the first base, and first wiring extending from one side of the circumference of the first base; a counter electrode that comprises a second base which is a three-quarter circle strip thin-film that is concentric with the first base and separated by a set distance from the circumference of the first base, a plurality of microneedles protruding vertically upwards from the second base, and second wiring extending from one side of the second base so as to be disposed on a level with the first wiring; and a reference electrode that comprises a third base which is a quarter circle strip thin-film that is separated by a set difference from the other side of the second base, is concentric with the first base and is separated by a set distance from the circumference of the first base, a plurality of microneedles protruding vertically upwards from the third base, and third wiring extending from one side of the third base.

In some embodiments, there is provided an apparatus including a common bus and a plurality of oscillatrode circuits coupled to the common bus, the plurality of oscillatrode circuits including a first oscillatrode circuit outputting a first frequency tone when a first input voltage is detected by the first oscillatrode circuit and a second oscillatrode circuit outputting a second frequency tone when a second input voltage is detected by the second oscillatrode circuit, wherein common bus carries the first frequency tone and the second frequency tone at different frequencies in a frequency division multiplex signal. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also disclosed.