To provide a manufacturing method for a peeling member in which a non-adhesive resin film formed by fluororesin resin or the like is adhered to a metal plate, the method capable of manufacturing the peeling member which can prevent adhesion of a paper right after fixing for a long period of time with high productivity and without variations in quality. The manufacturing method for the peeling member provided with a peeling sheet 1a formed by a metal plate 2 and a non-adhesive resin film 4 adhered to the metal plate 2, the manufacturing method including a groove forming step of forming a pattern portion 5 formed by a plurality of recessed grooves on at least apart of a paper passing side surface of the non-adhesive resin film 4 along a longitudinal direction of the non-adhesive resin film 4 before the non-adhesive resin film 4 is adhered to the metal plate 2, and a film adhering step of adhering the non-adhesive resin film 4 obtained in the groove forming step such that the pattern portion 5 is arranged along at least a longitudinal direction of the distal end portion 2a of the paper passing side surface of the metal plate 2.

A fixing belt includes a base layer, an elastic layer made of an elastic material, and a release layer. The elastic layer includes a first elastic layer disposed on a side of the base layer, and a second elastic layer disposed on a side of the release layer. The second elastic layer has a lower hardness than that of the first elastic layer. A Universal hardness of the second elastic layer is 3 to 7 N/mm.sup.2. A thickness ratio of the second elastic layer to the elastic layer is 5 to 15%.

A fixing device includes a first belt that contacts a developer image on a recording medium; a second belt that sandwiches the recording medium with the first belt and hence forms a nip region extending in a transport direction of the recording medium; a rotational body that is provided inside the first belt in a region at a downstream side in the transport direction of the nip region, rotates, and turns the first belt; a pressing member that is provided inside the second belt and presses the second belt toward the rotational body; and a heating unit that is provided inside the first belt in a region at an upstream side in the transport direction of the nip region in a non-contact manner with respect to the first belt, and heats the developer image on the recording medium.

According to one embodiment, a heating device includes a fixing belt configured to be rotated and a pressure roller configured to abut against the fixing belt and be driven to cause the fixing belt to rotate. A heater is configured to heat the fixing belt. A motor is configured to drive the pressure roller to rotate. A current sensor is configured to measure a driving current of the motor. A controller is configured to stop the heater based on the measured driving current.

An endless belt includes a substrate layer, and a first surface layer that is disposed on an outer circumferential surface of the substrate layer and that includes a cross-linked fluororesin layer. A layer containing a cross-linked fluororesin forms the inner circumferential surface of the belt. Martens hardness of the inner circumferential surface of the belt at 130° C. is higher than Martens hardness of the outer circumferential surface of the belt at 130° C.

A tubular fuser device rotates and is in contact with a sheet on which a positively charged toner image is formed to fix the toner image to the sheet. The fuser device includes a tubular substrate made of a metal, a rubber layer covering the outer periphery of the substrate, an adhesion layer covering the outer periphery of the rubber layer, and a surface layer made of a resin covering the outer periphery of the adhesion layer. In the fuser device, a charge decay ΔV at a moment 120 seconds after end of charging a surface of the surface layer to −1 kV is zero, and an electrostatic capacity per unit area C in a thickness direction of the fuser device is equal to or less than 3.30 pF/cm.sup.2.

An endless belt includes a base material layer containing a polymer material and conductive particles, wherein, in an image obtained by observing a cross section taken along a thickness direction of the base material layer with an atomic force microscope, a proportion of a total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles is 9.0% or more and 14.5% or less with respect to a total cross-sectional area At of the base material layer, and a proportion of a total area Ab of cross sections of conductive particles having an area of 0.01 .Math.m.sup.2 or more among cross sections of the conductive particles is 28.0% or more and 65.0% or less with respect to the total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles.

A tubular fuser device rotates and is in contact with a sheet on which a positively charged toner image is formed to fix the toner image to the sheet. The fuser device includes a tubular substrate made of a metal, a rubber layer covering the outer periphery of the substrate, an adhesion layer covering the outer periphery of the rubber layer, and a surface layer made of a resin covering the outer periphery of the adhesion layer. In the fuser device, a charge decay ΔV at a moment 120 seconds after end of charging a surface of the surface layer to −1 kV is zero, and an electrostatic capacity per unit area C in a thickness direction of the fuser device is equal to or less than 3.30 pF/cm.sup.2.

An example fuser includes a flexible fixing belt, a back-up to form a fixing nip with the fixing belt, a heater substrate having a first surface on which a heating element pattern is located and a second surface opposite to the first surface, the heater substrate to heat the fixing belt at the fixing nip, and a heat conduction member having a plurality of heat conduction segments contacting the first surface of the heater substrate.

A belt device includes a belt, a secured member, a pressure rotator, and lubricant. The belt is rotatable and has an endless shape. The belt includes an inner portion having an inner circumferential surface. The inner portion has an elastic power of 55% or more. The inner circumferential surface of the belt slides on the secured member. The pressure rotator includes a porous elastic body and presses the secured member via the belt to form a nip between the belt and the pressure rotator. The lubricant is interposed between the inner circumferential surface of the belt and the secured member.