A cylindrical film used in an image heating device heating a recording material, on which an image has been formed, has a resin layer, this resin layer being made from a resin in which a crystalline resin and an amorphous resin having a higher glass transition temperature than the crystalline resin are blended, wherein a volume ratio of the crystalline resin with respect to the amorphous resin in the resin layer is 70/30 to 99/1.

The present invention relates to a metal substrate for a fixing belt, having excellent durability. The metal substrate for a fixing belt of the present invention including an austenite stainless steel including a martensite phase includes: a region of austenite stainless steel including a martensite phase, with a nickel content of 8 mass % or more, sandwiched between regions of austenite stainless steel including a martensite phase, with a nickel content less than 8 mass %, in the thickness direction.

A flow passage forming member includes flow passage forming member main bodies 140 and 146 that are formed of a resin material and define at least a part of a flow passage, a metal protective film 200 that is provided on a surface of the flow passage forming member main body 140 and a surface of the flow passage forming member main body 146 defining at least the flow passage and is formed of a metal material, and a protective film 210 that is laminated on the metal protective film 200 and contains an oxide or a nitride of at least on element selected from the group consisting of tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), hafnium (Hf), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), and yttrium (Y).

A cylindrical film used in an image heating device heating a recording material, on which an image has been formed, has a resin layer, this resin layer being made from a resin in which a crystalline resin and an amorphous resin having a higher glass transition temperature than the crystalline resin are blended, wherein a volume ratio of the crystalline resin with respect to the amorphous resin in the resin layer is 70/30 to 99/1.

A fixing member including a surface layer having high resistance to wear is provided. The fixing member includes a surface layer containing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a fluorine resin having a melting point lower than that of the PTFE. In the DSC (endothermic) curve obtained by heating a sample of the surface layer at a temperature raising rate of 20 C./min with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), an endothermic peak 1 having a peak top in the temperature range of 330 C. or more and 340 C. or less, and an endothermic peak 2 having a peak top in the temperature range lower than that of the endothermic peak 1 are present, and the sum H of the amount of heat of fusion based on the endothermic peak 1 and the amount of heat of fusion based on the endothermic peak 2 is 40 J/g or more and 55 J/g or less.

An object is to provide a self-heat-generating fixing roller that has a simple structure and good durability and that can be easily produced. A self-heat-generating fixing roller according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a columnar core bar, a heat-insulating layer stacked on an outer circumferential side of the core bar, a heat-generating layer stacked on an outer circumferential side of the heat-insulating layer and heated by supplying electricity, and a mold-releasing layer stacked on an outer circumferential side of the heat-generating layer. The heat-insulating layer preferably contains a matrix containing a synthetic resin or rubber as a main component, and a plurality of pores contained in the matrix. The heat-generating layer preferably contains a matrix containing a synthetic resin or rubber as a main component, and a plurality of electrically conductive fillers contained in the matrix.

A fixing device includes a heating rotator and a pressure rotator pressed against the heating rotator to form a fixing nip therebetween, through which a recording medium bearing a toner image is conveyed. A plurality of first recesses is scattered on a circumferential face of the heating rotator. A plurality of second recesses is scattered on a circumferential face of the pressure rotator. Each of the second recesses is greater than each of the first recesses.

An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and an inorganic surface layer containing a group 13 element and oxygen in this order, a charging device that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic charge image forming device that forms an electrostatic charge image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device that accommodates an electrostatic charge image developer containing a toner and a carrier with a volume resistance value of 110.sup.9 or greater and 110.sup.16 or less, supplies the electrostatic charge image developer, and develops the electrostatic charge image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor as a toner image, and a transfer device that transfers the toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to a surface of a recording medium.

A fixing device includes a belt that rotates in a rotation direction and a heater that heats the belt. A conductive member contacts an inner face of the belt and pivots. The conductive member includes one end portion in the rotation direction of the belt, a contact portion that contacts the belt, and an outboard portion that is disposed outboard from the contact portion in the rotation direction of the belt. A holding portion holds the one end portion of the conductive member. A pivot restrictor contacts the outboard portion of the conductive member. The pivot restrictor restricts pivoting of the conductive member about the one end portion of the conductive member.

A film contains a resin and a siloxane compound having a structure A represented by Formula: [RSiO.sub.1.5].sub.n (provided that in the formula, R represents an organic group and n represents an integer of 2 or more), where at least one R among plural R's in the structure A is a group including an alkyl group and a difference in solubility parameter (SP value) between the resin and the structure A is 3.0 or less in terms of an absolute value, and surface free energy is 40 mJ/m.sup.2 or less.