Devices, systems, and methods for removing targeted lesions from vessels. In at least one embodiment of a device for removing a stenotic lesion from a vessel, the device comprises a sizing portion capable of measuring a luminal size parameter when at least part of the device is positioned within a lumen of a luminal organ, a typing portion, wherein at least part of the at least one typing portion is capable of physically touching a portion of the luminal organ or a structure therein, and a treatment portion capable of removing at least part of a stenotic lesion from the luminal organ.

A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus includes an acquisition unit which acquires first data in which a tissue of interest has higher signal intensity than a background and second data in which the tissue of interest has lower signal intensity than the background, with regard to images of the same region of the same subject, and a generation unit which generates, on the basis of the first data and the second data, third data in which the contrast of the tissue of interest to the background is higher than those in the first and second data.

A method of calculating at least one physiological parameter using a reticulocyte production index (RPI) value can include: measuring a plurality of first glucose levels over a first time period; measuring a first glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level corresponding to an end of the first time period; measuring the RPI value; calculating a red blood cell elimination constant (k.sub.age) based on the RPI value; and calculating the at least one physiological parameter selected from the group consisting of: a red blood cell glycation rate constant (k.sub.gly), a red blood cell generation rate constant (k.sub.gen), and an apparent glycation constant (K), based on (1) the plurality of first glucose levels, (2) the first HbA1c level, and (3) the k.sub.age. Further, one or more related analyses (e.g., personalized-target glucose range, personalized-target average glucose, cHbA1c, and the like) can be estimated and/or adjusted based on the at least one physiological parameter.