To objectively grasp a stress state of a user and to prevent a mental disorder of the user, the following steps are performed: acquiring, via a network, biogas information at multiple timings and time information corresponding to each of the multiple timings, wherein the biogas information represents a concentration of acetophenone of a user acquired by a sensor that detects acetophenone discharged from a skin surface of the user; obtaining reference information representing an upper limit of a normal range of the concentration of acetophenone per unit period of time, using a memory storing the reference information representing the upper limit of the normal range; determining a stress time period during which a concentration of the acetophenone of the user is more than the upper limit of the normal range, based on the acquired biological gas information; and outputting time period information indicating the determined stress time period to an information terminal of the user, to display the stress time period indicated by the time period information on a display of the information terminal.

To objectively grasp a stress state of a user and to prevent a mental disorder of the user, the following steps are performed: acquiring, via a network, biogas information at multiple timings and time information corresponding to each of the multiple timings, wherein the biogas information represents a concentration of 1-dodecanol of a user acquired by a sensor that detects 1-dodecanol discharged from a skin surface of the user; obtaining reference information representing an upper limit of a normal range of the concentration of 1-dodecanol per unit period of time, using a memory storing the reference information representing the upper limit of the normal range; determining a stress time period during which a concentration of the 1-dodecanol of the user is more than the upper limit of the normal range, based on the acquired biological gas information; and outputting time period information indicating the determined stress time period to an information terminal of the user, to display the stress time period indicated by the time period information on a display of the information terminal.

In order to objectively grasp a stress state of a user and to prevent postpartum depression, biological gas information is acquired via a network, where the biological gas information indicates a concentration of acetophenone of the user and is obtained by a sensor that detects acetophenone released from a skin surface of the user. From a memory storing information including an upper limit of a normal range of the concentration of acetophenone per unit period, the information indicating the upper limit of the normal range is read out. When a frequency in the unit period with which the concentration of acetophenone of the user exceeds the upper limit of the normal range is determined to have an increasing tendency based on the biological gas information obtained during a pregnancy period of the user, the information related to stress of the user is output to an information terminal of the user.

In order to objectively grasp a stress state of a user and to prevent postpartum depression, biological gas information is acquired via a network, where the biological gas information indicates a concentration of benzyl alcohol of the user and is obtained by a sensor that detects benzyl alcohol released from a skin surface of the user. From a memory storing information including an upper limit of a normal range of the concentration of benzyl alcohol per unit period, the information indicating the upper limit of the normal range is read out. When a frequency in the unit period with which the concentration of benzyl alcohol of the user exceeds the upper limit of the normal range is determined to have an increasing tendency based on the biological gas information obtained during a pregnancy period of the user, the information related to stress of the user is output to an information terminal of the user.

In one embodiment, a hydration sensor or sensing element is configured to measure the hydration level of a user. The sensing element can include a water-permeable material positioned in between two water-impermeable material. The sensing element can be coupled to a bottle of fluid, or a carrier with a timer. The sensing element can be incorporated into a handheld device. The sensing element can be a disposable element, an element applicable for more than one-time use, or a re-usable element. The sensing element or sensor can be calibrated for a specific user or a group of users. One or more additional sensors that do not measure hydration level of the user can be coupled to a hydration sensing element to determine the amount of fluid consumption for the user in different conditions.

Various embodiments of a swab device, system, and method are provided for measuring and assessing saliva flow in the mouth of a person. In one embodiment, a system includes a swab device and a measuring device. The swab device includes a handle portion and a swab portion, the handle portion being elongated to extend between a proximal end and a distal end. The swab portion is coupled to a distal portion of the handle portion and is sized and configured to collect saliva from the mouth. The measuring device is sized and configured to measure an amount of the saliva collected with the swab portion, the measuring device including a nesting portion integrated therewith. Such nesting portion of the measuring device is sized and configured to receive the proximal end of the handle portion of the swab device to measure the saliva collected therewith.

A test strip for sampling a bodily fluid may include multiple layers of a substrate material, an adhesive between at least some of the multiple layers, and a microfluidic channel formed between at least some of the multiple layers. The test strip may further include multiple electrodes on one of the multiple layers, positioned and partially exposed within the microfluidic channel, an additional material positioned at or near an entrance to the microfluidic channel, to selectively limit the flow of at least one of bubbles or debris into the microfluidic channel, and at least one exit port in at least one of the multiple layers to allow for release of pressure from the test strip. In some embodiments, the test strip is a saliva analysis test strip. In some embodiments, the test strip includes multiple exit ports to prevent blockage of sample flow.

Method and system for detecting and/or quantifying .sup.9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) in a saliva sample. In one embodiment, the method involves providing an electrochemical sensing element, the electrochemical sensing element including a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode, all of which are screen-printed. A saliva sample is then deposited directly on the working electrode. Next, the deposited saliva sample is treated with a fluid that includes one or more alcohols and water in an alcohol/water ratio of 50/50 to 100/0 (v/v), the fluid optionally also including a surfactant. Next, the treated saliva sample is dried, whereby any THC present in the treated saliva sample is immobilized on the working electrode. Next, an electrolytic solution is delivered to the electrochemical sensing element, and the THC immobilized on the working electrode is directly electrochemically detected and/or quantified using a pulse voltammetry technique, such as square-wave voltammetry.

Disclosed is a postprandial glucose-measuring device for preventing the development of or reversing T2D. Included are methods for using the device as well as better use for invasive and noninvasive glucose meters. Further disclosed are novel exercise-sensitizing compositions useful for managing blood glucose levels in Type-2 diabetics with minimal risk of hypoglycemia. The disclosed glucose meters allow a user to also measure exercise and meal sizeall with relatively instant feedbackmore effectively than having to track the complexity posed by labels, glycemic index and calories. Also disclosed is integration of glucose-measuring devices with smartphones and health monitoring technology to make possible safe and effective interpretation of postprandial glucose readings by a patient to control or reverse Type-2 diabetes.

A lab-on-skin biosensor for detecting target molecule and vital sign monitoring, a method of manufacturing, and a method of using the same, wherein the lab-on-skin biosensor is fabricated with a microfluidics layer, a moisture resistant layer, a multimodal sensing layer comprising an electrode, and a logic circuit that may include a processor and non-transitory memory with computer executable instructions embedded thereon.