A device and a method for measuring temperature. At least one illumination device emits light with an illumination spectrum into tissue. At least one detector receives the diffuse reflection of the light with a remission spectrum from the tissue. The detector converts the remission spectrum into a detector signal. The detector signal is sent to a computing unit that calculates a remission spectrum from the detector signal. The computing unit calculates an absorption spectrum of the tissue by comparing the illumination spectrum with the remission spectrum, calculates at least one absorption maximum from the absorption spectrum, and calculates a temperature in the tissue by comparing the absorption maximum with at least one reference.

Systems and methods of dithering to maintain grasp force include a computer-assisted device. The computer-assisted device includes an instrument having a first jaw and a second jaw configured to grasp a material, one or more actuators configured to actuate the first and second jaws to apply force to the grasped material, and a controller coupled to the one or more actuators. The controller is configured to determine that actuation of the one or more actuators should be dithered and in response to the determination, dither one or more control signals to the one or more actuators so as to cause variations in a force or torque applied by the one or more actuators. In some embodiments, the one or more control signals correspond to a force setpoint, a torque setpoint, a current setpoint, or a position setpoint for the one or more actuators.

In general, devices, systems, and methods for control of one visualization with another are provided.

The electrosurgical instrument (11) according to the invention comprises at least one electrode (15, 16) for electrically acting on biological tissue. The electrode is coupled with a radio frequency generator (20) that is arranged in direct proximity of electrode (15) and/or (16). The radio frequency generator oscillates in a self-controlled manner with a frequency between 100 kHz and 10 MHz and is preferably supplied by a constant or timely varying direct voltage. The instrument (11) is thus connected via a line supplying a low frequency voltage or direct voltage with a supplying source, e.g. an apparatus (19).

A radio frequency ablation medical device includes a guide wire; a catheter configured to be movable to a lesion site of a tissue along the guide wire and having at least one electrode configured to generate heat according to an application of power; and a stent configured to be unfolded when protruding out of the catheter through an end portion of the catheter or recaptured in the end portion of the catheter when entering an inside of the catheter. The stent serves to transfer heat generated by the electrode to the lesion site in an unfolded state when getting out of the catheter.

An array of non-thermal plasma emitters is controlled to emit plasma based on application of an electric current at desired frequencies and a controlled power level. A power supply for an array controller includes a transformer that operates at the resonant frequency of the combined capacitance of the array and the cable connecting the array to the power supply. The power into the array is monitored by the controller and can be adjusted by the user. The controller monitors reflected power characteristics, such as harmonics of the alternating current, to determine initiation voltage of the plasma and/or resonant frequency plasma emitters. The array of non-thermal plasma emitters may be used in therapeutic, diagnostic, and/or medical sanitization applications, including where a non-thermal plasma treatment regimen is prescribed.

Flexible instruments and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a flexible instrument comprises an elongate device having an inner conductor, an outer conductor surrounding the inner conductor, and a dielectric layer insulating the inner conductor from the outer conductor. The flexible instrument further includes a recess formed in the outer conductor. An insert is positioned within the recess and about the inner conductor.

A method for adjusting the operation of a surgical suturing instrument using machine learning in a surgical suite is disclosed. The method comprises gathering data during surgical procedures, wherein the surgical procedures include the use of a surgical suturing instrument comprising a suturing needle configured to be mechanically advanced through a suturing stroke, analyzing the gathered data to determine an appropriate operational adjustment of the surgical suturing instrument, and adjusting the operation of the surgical suturing instrument to improve the operation of the surgical suturing instrument.

The plasma sensor monitors parameters characterizing the condition of the plasma during the treatment phase and/or the change thereof in order to recognize a prefiguring or already occurred interruption of the plasma in this manner and to avoid this interruption and, in the ideal case, avoid this by already changing the voltage form previously. The mentioned mechanisms can be used by the control device (22) also during a pulse packet. The length of each pulse packet is adapted at each change of the voltage form according to their characteristics in order to guarantee a constant average power.

The modular microwave ablation system of the present disclosure includes a microwave instrument, a microwave generator, and one or more auxiliary modules that include circuitry for performing functions related to the operation of the microwave generator. The one or more auxiliary modules are removably connected to the microwave generator. The microwave generator includes a microwave signal generator that generates a microwave signal; a microwave generator controller in communication with the microwave signal generator; one or more terminals that connect to the one or more auxiliary modules, respectively; and a power supply and/or a power distribution module coupled to the microwave signal generator, the microwave generator controller, and the one or more terminals. The one or more terminals provide (1) power from the power supply and/or power distribution module to the one or more respective auxiliary modules and (2) communication signals to and from the one or more respective auxiliary modules.