A centralized access control circuit includes a memory, a sub-circuit, and a memory controller. The memory includes a plurality of lock bits mapped to a plurality of bytes of a peripheral register included in a peripheral. The sub-circuit receives, from a processor core, an access request to access a set of bytes of the plurality of bytes. The sub-circuit grants a first level of access privilege to the processor core based on an identifier of the processor core and an address of the set of bytes included in the access request. The memory controller receives the access request and grants, based on a value of each of a set of lock bits mapped to the set of bytes, a second level of access privilege to the processor core. The processor core accesses the set of bytes based on the first and second levels of access privileges.

A peripheral device may implement storage virtualization for non-volatile storage devices connected to the peripheral device. A host system connected to the peripheral device may host one or multiple virtual machines. The peripheral device may implement different virtual interfaces for the virtual machines or the host system that present a storage partition at a non-volatile storage device to the virtual machine or host system for storage. Access requests from the virtual machines or host system are directed to the respective virtual interface at the peripheral device. The peripheral device may perform data encryption or decryption, or may perform throttling of access requests. The peripheral device may generate and send physical access requests to perform the access requests received via the virtual interfaces to the non-volatile storage devices. Completion of the access requests may be indicated to the virtual machines via the virtual interfaces.

A single-level single-line full-duplex bus communication method and system are disclosed. The method includes: transmitting, by a first signal transceiver, data according to a first internal transmitter clock F1, simultaneously monitoring a level change on a bus, and parsing received data; transmitting, by a second signal transceiver, data according to a second internal transmitter clock F2, simultaneously monitoring the level change on the bus, and parsing received data; and communicating between the first and second signal transceivers by means of a single line, wherein the first and second transmitter clocks satisfy a relationship: F1>F2*(length of data unit+2). The system achieves single-level single-line full-duplex communication by using different coding formats and different internal transmitter clocks, whereby the number of signal lines can be reduced, single-level communication can be achieved by using universal digital levels, i.e., 0, 1, and the hardware implementation difficulty can be reduced.

An electronic device includes a CPU, an acceleration module, and a memory. The acceleration module is communicatively connected with the CPU, and includes chips. The chip according to an embodiment includes a data bus, and a memory, a data receiver, a computing and processing unit, and a data transmitter connected to the data bus. The data receiver receives first data and header information from outside, writes the first data to a corresponding area of the memory through the data bus, and configures a corresponding computing and processing unit and/or data transmitter according to the header information. The computing and processing unit receives first task information, performs an operation processing according to the first task information and a configuration operation on the data transmitter. The data transmitter obtains second task information and second data, and outputs third data to outside based on at least part of the second data.

A data transmission circuit and a data transmission method applied to the data transmission circuit are provided. The data transmission circuit includes: a data strobe module, connected to multiple memory blocks, connected to a low-bit data port through a first group of data buses, and connected to a high-bit data port through a second group of data buses, where each group of data buses include an odd data line and an even data line; and an error correction module, where each group of the data buses are provided with the error correction module, the error correction module is provided on the odd data line or the even data line, and the error correction module is configured to perform error correction on data written through the low-bit data port or the high-bit data port.

A data error correction circuit and a data transmission circuit are disclosed. The data error correction circuit includes: a decoding module having an input terminal connected to a data bus, and configured to receive first data and a check code of the first data and output an error correction code of the first data based on the check code; and an error correction latch module having a first input terminal connected to the data bus and a second input terminal connected to an output terminal of the decoding module, and configured to latch the first data corresponding to the error correction code and generate and output second data according to the error correction code and the corresponding first data.

A CPU module (100) includes a first bus complying with a first communication protocol, and a second bus complying with a second communication protocol different from the first communication protocol. A conversion setting storage (110) included in the CPU module (100) stores information indicating association between a general instruction complying with the first communication protocol and a dedicated instruction complying with the second communication protocol. A protocol converter (160) included in the CPU module (100) acquires, when the general instruction is output by instruction output means to a device connected via the second bus, the dedicated instruction associated with the general instruction from the conversion setting storage (110) and provides the acquired dedicated instruction to the device via the second bus.

A discrete three-dimensional (3-D) processor comprises first and second dice. The first die comprises 3-D memory (3D-M) arrays and in-die peripheral-circuit components thereof, whereas the second die comprises processing circuits and off-die peripheral-circuit components of the 3D-M arrays. The first and second dice are communicatively coupled by a plurality of inter-die connections.

Provided herein are systems and methods for performing dynamic adaption and correction for internal delays in devices connected to a common time-multiplexed bus. The methods allow devices to operate reliably at a higher bus frequency by correcting for inherent and unknown delays within the components and in the system by measuring the actual delays using multiple readings with the bus. Intrinsic noise and jitter are used to increase the precision of the measurements, thereby essentially using these uncertainties as self-dithering for increased measurement resolution. During adaption, delays may be adjusted in multiple step sizes to speed adaption time.

An apparatus (2) includes a function-authentication information decoder (201) and a command executer (202). The function-authentication information decoder (201) decodes function-authentication information received from a communication adaptor connected via a serial interface, the function-authentication information being information encrypted before being retained by the communication adaptor. The command executer (202) (i) determines, upon receiving a command from the communication adaptor, based on the function-authentication information decoded by the function-authentication information decoder (201), whether a function corresponding to the command is permitted, and (ii) executes processing according to the command only when the function is permitted.