A method for calibrating a radiometric device for determining and/or monitoring the density of a medium located in a container includes: determining the count rate of the radioactive radiation after it has passed through the empty container on the basis of the activity of the transmitting unit; determining the measured count rate of the radioactive radiation after it has passed through the container when a calibration medium of known density is located in the container; determining the mass attenuation coefficient according to the formula =(ln(N/N.sub.0))/(.sub.1D), where D is a beam path of the radioactive radiation or inner diameter of the container, and .sub.1 is density of the calibration medium; and calculating a calibration curve representing the dependence of the density of the medium on the count rate of the measured radiation intensity after the radiation has passed through the container.

A detector probe, for detecting ionizing radiation and which is suitable for use in a nucleonic instrument usable in locations having a high ambient temperature, includes an array of radiation detectors mounted on a support and a heat pipe for cooling the detector probe. The nucleonic instrument incorporating such a detector probe is also described.

A detector probe, for detecting ionizing radiation and which is suitable for use in a nucleonic instrument usable in locations having a high ambient temperature, includes an array of radiation detectors mounted on a support and a heat pipe for cooling the detector probe. The nucleonic instrument incorporating such a detector probe is also described.

A method detects a level of a melt contained by an oscillating mold. The method includes a) sensing radiation interacted with the melt and generating from the sensed radiation radiation signals, such that the generated radiation signals are varied by the mold oscillation, b) determining a radiation signal variation of the generated radiation signals, c) determining an oscillation deflection variation of the oscillating mold, and d) determining from the determined oscillation deflection variation and the determined radiation signal variation, the level of the melt.

A method detects a level of a melt contained by an oscillating mold. The method includes a) sensing radiation interacted with the melt and generating from the sensed radiation radiation signals, such that the generated radiation signals are varied by the mold oscillation, b) determining a radiation signal variation of the generated radiation signals, c) determining an oscillation deflection variation of the oscillating mold, and d) determining from the determined oscillation deflection variation and the determined radiation signal variation, the level of the melt.

This X-ray apparatus for measuring a substance quantity includes: an X-ray irradiating unit for irradiating X-rays from above or below a container which contains a substance to be measured; an imaging unit which is disposed so as to face the X-ray irradiating unit with the container between the imaging unit and the X-ray irradiating unit, and which obtains image data on the basis of the transmitted X-rays passing through the container; and a substance quantity calculating unit which processes the obtained image data and calculates the quantity of the substance to be measured, on the basis of the intensity of the transmitted X-rays for each pixel in the container.

This X-ray apparatus for measuring a substance quantity includes: an X-ray irradiating unit for irradiating X-rays from above or below a container which contains a substance to be measured; an imaging unit which is disposed so as to face the X-ray irradiating unit with the container between the imaging unit and the X-ray irradiating unit, and which obtains image data on the basis of the transmitted X-rays passing through the container; and a substance quantity calculating unit which processes the obtained image data and calculates the quantity of the substance to be measured, on the basis of the intensity of the transmitted X-rays for each pixel in the container.

A module system for a radiometric measuring device includes a basic module having a sensor arrangement designed to generate a measurement signal on the basis of radiation which strikes the sensor arrangement, a signal evaluation unit electrically coupled to the sensor arrangement and being designed to determine a measurement variable on the basis of the measurement signal, a control device interface, wherein the basic module is coupleable to at least one control device by the control device interface for interchanging data, the basic module being supplied with electrical energy solely via its control device interface in a basic operating state, and an expansion module interface. The module system further includes an expansion module which is separate from the basic module and has a basic module interface, the basic module interface being able to be coupled to the expansion module interface for interchanging data, interchanging energy, and/or interchanging measurement signals, a number of functional groups, and an energy supply interface coupleable to an energy supply unit separate from the basic module and the expansion module, wherein energy provided via the energy supply interface is used to supply energy to the expansion module.

A module system for a radiometric measuring device includes a basic module having a sensor arrangement designed to generate a measurement signal on the basis of radiation which strikes the sensor arrangement, a signal evaluation unit electrically coupled to the sensor arrangement and being designed to determine a measurement variable on the basis of the measurement signal, a control device interface, wherein the basic module is coupleable to at least one control device by the control device interface for interchanging data, the basic module being supplied with electrical energy solely via its control device interface in a basic operating state, and an expansion module interface. The module system further includes an expansion module which is separate from the basic module and has a basic module interface, the basic module interface being able to be coupled to the expansion module interface for interchanging data, interchanging energy, and/or interchanging measurement signals, a number of functional groups, and an energy supply interface coupleable to an energy supply unit separate from the basic module and the expansion module, wherein energy provided via the energy supply interface is used to supply energy to the expansion module.

A method of detecting leakage, comprising the steps of: performing a sequence of monitoring operations; and providing, when it is determined that leakage is present, a signal indicative of detected leakage. Each monitoring operation includes the steps of: generating a transmit signal exhibiting a time-varying frequency; receiving a reflection signal resulting from reflection of the transmit signal at the surface; forming an intermediate frequency signal for the present monitoring operation based on the transmit signal and the reflection signal; determining a phase of the intermediate frequency signal for the present monitoring operation; determining, based on the phase for the present monitoring operation and the phase associated with at least one previous monitoring operation, a measure indicative of a present rate of change of the phase; comparing the measure with a predefined threshold value; and determining a presence of leakage based on the comparison.