Solar spectral irradiance (SSI) measurements are important for solar collector/photovoltaic panel efficiency and solar energy resource assessment as well as being important for scientific meteorological/climate observations and material testing research. To date such measurements have exploited modified diffraction grating based scientific instruments which are bulky, expensive, and with low mechanical integrity for generalized deployment. A compact and cost-effective tool for accurately determining the global solar spectra as well as the global horizontal or tilted irradiances as part of on-site solar resource assessments and module performance characterization studies would be beneficial. An instrument with no moving parts for mechanical and environment stability in open field, non-controlled deployments could exploit software to resolve the global, direct and diffuse solar spectra from its measurements within the 280-4000 nm spectral range, in addition to major atmospheric processes, such as air mass, Rayleigh scattering, aerosol extinction, ozone and water vapour absorptions.

There is provided a light receiver which corrects measurement of ultraviolet rays on the basis of measurement of visible right and infrared rays. The light receiver is a light receiver (1) including a first light-receiving element (PD1) and a second light-receiving element (PD2), and a UV cutoff filter (11) in which transmittance of light in an ultraviolet region is lower, in which light after passage through the UV cutoff filter (11) enters the first light-receiving element (PD1), and the first light-receiving element (PD1) and the second light-receiving element (PD2) are switchable between a photodiode (PD_uv) having sensitivity to the ultraviolet region and a photodiode (PD_clear) having sensitivity to a visible light region and an infrared region. Unevenness in incident light is calculated from photocurrents in photodiodes (PD_ir+PD_vis) of the first light-receiving element (PD1) and the second light-receiving element (PD2).

Examples of temperature measurement calibration in an additive manufacturing system are described. In one case, a method of calibrating a non-contact temperature measurement device involves applying energy from a radiation source of the additive manufacturing system to heat a reference element. The reference element is thermally coupled to a temperature sensor. A temperature reading from the temperature sensor is compared with data from the non-contact temperature measurement device to calibrate the device.

Solar spectral irradiance (SSI) measurements are important for solar collector/photovoltaic panel efficiency and solar energy resource assessment as well as being important for scientific meteorological/climate observations and material testing research. To date such measurements have exploited modified diffraction grating based scientific instruments which are bulky, expensive, and with low mechanical integrity for generalized deployment. A compact and cost-effective tool for accurately determining the global solar spectra as well as the global horizontal or tilted irradiances as part of on-site solar resource assessments and module performance characterization studies would be beneficial. An instrument with no moving parts for mechanical and environment stability in open field, non-controlled deployments could exploit software to resolve the global, direct and diffuse solar spectra from its measurements within the 280-4000 nm spectral range, in addition to major atmospheric processes, such as air mass, Rayleigh scattering, aerosol extinction, ozone and water vapor absorptions.

Systems and methods for generating radio frequency signals and/or microwave signals using a tunable optical source. An optical frequency comb including multiple optical components is received or generated based on an optical signal. A subset of optical components is selected from the multiple optical components. A detector array having two or more square law detectors is uniformly illuminated with the subset of optical components. Each square law detector of the detector array outputs an electrical signal having a difference frequency corresponding to a difference in frequency between the subset of optical components. A radio frequency or microwave output signal with a narrow bandwidth centered at a target frequency is generated by coherently summing each of the output signals output by the square law detectors.

The invention provides a light emitting sensing device and a manufacturing method thereof. The light emitting sensing device comprises: a non-translucent substrate having a first surface with at least one recess formed on the first surface; a light emitting element disposed in the at least one recess; a light sensing element disposed on the first surface; a first transparent material disposed in the at least one recess and covering the light emitting element; and a second transparent material disposed on the first surface and covering the light sensing element. The light emitting sensing device provided in this embodiment solves the problem in the prior art, the infrared light emitted by the light emitting chip irradiates into the sensing chip and causes the sensing chip to be interfered by the light of the light emitting chip resulting in reduced sensing accuracy.

Solar spectral irradiance (SSI) measurements are important for solar collector/photovoltaic panel efficiency and solar energy resource assessment as well as being important for scientific meteorological/climate observations and material testing research. To date such measurements have exploited modified diffraction grating based scientific instruments which are bulky, expensive, and with low mechanical integrity for generalized deployment. A compact and cost-effective tool for accurately determining the global solar spectra as well as the global horizontal or tilted irradiances as part of on-site solar resource assessments and module performance characterization studies would be beneficial. An instrument with no moving parts for mechanical and environment stability in open field, non-controlled deployments could exploit software to resolve the global, direct and diffuse solar spectra from its measurements within the 280-4000 nm spectral range, in addition to major atmospheric processes, such as air mass, Rayleigh scattering, aerosol extinction, ozone and water vapour absorptions.

A UV sensor head is provided capable of increasing sensing sensitivity. A UV sensor head 1 that converts ultraviolet light into visible light and guides the converted visible light toward an optical fiber 11 includes a wavelength conversion member having an inorganic matrix and phosphor particles dispersed in the inorganic matrix.

A method and a device for reducing the extrinsic dark count of a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD), it comprises the steps of: integrating a multi-layer film filter on the superconducting nanowire single photon detector; the multi-layer film filter is a device implemented by a multi-layer dielectric film and having a band-pass filtering function. The extrinsic dark count is the dark count triggered by optical fiber blackbody radiance and external stray light. The superconducting nanowire single photon detector comprises: a substrate having an upper surface integrated with an upper anti-reflection layer and a lower surface integrated with a lower anti-reflection layer; an optical cavity structure; a superconducting nanowire; and a reflector. The present invention is easy to operate, and only needs to integrate the multi-layer film filter on the substrate of the SNSPD to filter non-signal radiation.

There is provided a light receiver which corrects measurement of ultraviolet rays on the basis of measurement of visible right and infrared rays. The light receiver is a light receiver (1) including a first light-receiving element (PD1) and a second light-receiving element (PD2), and a UV cutoff filter (11) in which transmittance of light in an ultraviolet region is lower, in which light after passage through the UV cutoff filter (11) enters the first light-receiving element (PD1), and the first light-receiving element (PD1) and the second light-receiving element (PD2) are switchable between a photodiode (PD_uv) having sensitivity to the ultraviolet region and a photodiode (PD_clear) having sensitivity to a visible light region and an infrared region. Unevenness in incident light is calculated from photocurrents in photodiodes (PD_ir+PD_vis) of the first light-receiving element (PD1) and the second light-receiving element (PD2).